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@@ -1,23 +1,21 @@ +### Generic Build Instructions -### Generic Build Instructions ### +#### Setup -#### Setup #### +To build Google Test and your tests that use it, you need to tell your build +system where to find its headers and source files. The exact way to do it +depends on which build system you use, and is usually straightforward. -To build Google Test and your tests that use it, you need to tell your -build system where to find its headers and source files. The exact -way to do it depends on which build system you use, and is usually -straightforward. +#### Build -#### Build #### - -Suppose you put Google Test in directory `${GTEST_DIR}`. To build it, -create a library build target (or a project as called by Visual Studio -and Xcode) to compile +Suppose you put Google Test in directory `${GTEST_DIR}`. To build it, create a +library build target (or a project as called by Visual Studio and Xcode) to +compile ${GTEST_DIR}/src/gtest-all.cc with `${GTEST_DIR}/include` in the system header search path and `${GTEST_DIR}` -in the normal header search path. Assuming a Linux-like system and gcc, +in the normal header search path. Assuming a Linux-like system and gcc, something like the following will do: g++ -isystem ${GTEST_DIR}/include -I${GTEST_DIR} \ @@ -26,136 +24,239 @@ something like the following will do: (We need `-pthread` as Google Test uses threads.) -Next, you should compile your test source file with -`${GTEST_DIR}/include` in the system header search path, and link it -with gtest and any other necessary libraries: +Next, you should compile your test source file with `${GTEST_DIR}/include` in +the system header search path, and link it with gtest and any other necessary +libraries: g++ -isystem ${GTEST_DIR}/include -pthread path/to/your_test.cc libgtest.a \ -o your_test -As an example, the make/ directory contains a Makefile that you can -use to build Google Test on systems where GNU make is available -(e.g. Linux, Mac OS X, and Cygwin). It doesn't try to build Google -Test's own tests. Instead, it just builds the Google Test library and -a sample test. You can use it as a starting point for your own build -script. +As an example, the make/ directory contains a Makefile that you can use to build +Google Test on systems where GNU make is available (e.g. Linux, Mac OS X, and +Cygwin). It doesn't try to build Google Test's own tests. Instead, it just +builds the Google Test library and a sample test. You can use it as a starting +point for your own build script. -If the default settings are correct for your environment, the -following commands should succeed: +If the default settings are correct for your environment, the following commands +should succeed: cd ${GTEST_DIR}/make make ./sample1_unittest -If you see errors, try to tweak the contents of `make/Makefile` to make -them go away. There are instructions in `make/Makefile` on how to do -it. +If you see errors, try to tweak the contents of `make/Makefile` to make them go +away. There are instructions in `make/Makefile` on how to do it. -### Using CMake ### +### Using CMake Google Test comes with a CMake build script ( -[CMakeLists.txt](CMakeLists.txt)) that can be used on a wide range of platforms ("C" stands for -cross-platform.). If you don't have CMake installed already, you can -download it for free from <http://www.cmake.org/>. +[CMakeLists.txt](https://github.com/google/googletest/blob/master/CMakeLists.txt)) +that can be used on a wide range of platforms ("C" stands for cross-platform.). +If you don't have CMake installed already, you can download it for free from +<http://www.cmake.org/>. + +CMake works by generating native makefiles or build projects that can be used in +the compiler environment of your choice. You can either build Google Test as a +standalone project or it can be incorporated into an existing CMake build for +another project. -CMake works by generating native makefiles or build projects that can -be used in the compiler environment of your choice. The typical -workflow starts with: +#### Standalone CMake Project + +When building Google Test as a standalone project, the typical workflow starts +with: mkdir mybuild # Create a directory to hold the build output. cd mybuild cmake ${GTEST_DIR} # Generate native build scripts. -If you want to build Google Test's samples, you should replace the -last command with +If you want to build Google Test's samples, you should replace the last command +with cmake -Dgtest_build_samples=ON ${GTEST_DIR} -If you are on a \*nix system, you should now see a Makefile in the -current directory. Just type 'make' to build gtest. +If you are on a \*nix system, you should now see a Makefile in the current +directory. Just type 'make' to build gtest. -If you use Windows and have Visual Studio installed, a `gtest.sln` file -and several `.vcproj` files will be created. You can then build them -using Visual Studio. +If you use Windows and have Visual Studio installed, a `gtest.sln` file and +several `.vcproj` files will be created. You can then build them using Visual +Studio. On Mac OS X with Xcode installed, a `.xcodeproj` file will be generated. -### Legacy Build Scripts ### +#### Incorporating Into An Existing CMake Project + +If you want to use gtest in a project which already uses CMake, then a more +robust and flexible approach is to build gtest as part of that project directly. +This is done by making the GoogleTest source code available to the main build +and adding it using CMake's `add_subdirectory()` command. This has the +significant advantage that the same compiler and linker settings are used +between gtest and the rest of your project, so issues associated with using +incompatible libraries (eg debug/release), etc. are avoided. This is +particularly useful on Windows. Making GoogleTest's source code available to the +main build can be done a few different ways: + +* Download the GoogleTest source code manually and place it at a known + location. This is the least flexible approach and can make it more difficult + to use with continuous integration systems, etc. +* Embed the GoogleTest source code as a direct copy in the main project's + source tree. This is often the simplest approach, but is also the hardest to + keep up to date. Some organizations may not permit this method. +* Add GoogleTest as a git submodule or equivalent. This may not always be + possible or appropriate. Git submodules, for example, have their own set of + advantages and drawbacks. +* Use CMake to download GoogleTest as part of the build's configure step. This + is just a little more complex, but doesn't have the limitations of the other + methods. + +The last of the above methods is implemented with a small piece of CMake code in +a separate file (e.g. `CMakeLists.txt.in`) which is copied to the build area and +then invoked as a sub-build _during the CMake stage_. That directory is then +pulled into the main build with `add_subdirectory()`. For example: + +New file `CMakeLists.txt.in`: + + cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 2.8.2) + + project(googletest-download NONE) + + include(ExternalProject) + ExternalProject_Add(googletest + GIT_REPOSITORY https://github.com/google/googletest.git + GIT_TAG master + SOURCE_DIR "${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/googletest-src" + BINARY_DIR "${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/googletest-build" + CONFIGURE_COMMAND "" + BUILD_COMMAND "" + INSTALL_COMMAND "" + TEST_COMMAND "" + ) + +Existing build's `CMakeLists.txt`: + + # Download and unpack googletest at configure time + configure_file(CMakeLists.txt.in googletest-download/CMakeLists.txt) + execute_process(COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -G "${CMAKE_GENERATOR}" . + RESULT_VARIABLE result + WORKING_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/googletest-download ) + if(result) + message(FATAL_ERROR "CMake step for googletest failed: ${result}") + endif() + execute_process(COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} --build . + RESULT_VARIABLE result + WORKING_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/googletest-download ) + if(result) + message(FATAL_ERROR "Build step for googletest failed: ${result}") + endif() + + # Prevent overriding the parent project's compiler/linker + # settings on Windows + set(gtest_force_shared_crt ON CACHE BOOL "" FORCE) + + # Add googletest directly to our build. This defines + # the gtest and gtest_main targets. + add_subdirectory(${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/googletest-src + ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/googletest-build + EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL) + + # The gtest/gtest_main targets carry header search path + # dependencies automatically when using CMake 2.8.11 or + # later. Otherwise we have to add them here ourselves. + if (CMAKE_VERSION VERSION_LESS 2.8.11) + include_directories("${gtest_SOURCE_DIR}/include") + endif() + + # Now simply link against gtest or gtest_main as needed. Eg + add_executable(example example.cpp) + target_link_libraries(example gtest_main) + add_test(NAME example_test COMMAND example) + +Note that this approach requires CMake 2.8.2 or later due to its use of the +`ExternalProject_Add()` command. The above technique is discussed in more detail +in [this separate article](http://crascit.com/2015/07/25/cmake-gtest/) which +also contains a link to a fully generalized implementation of the technique. + +##### Visual Studio Dynamic vs Static Runtimes + +By default, new Visual Studio projects link the C runtimes dynamically but +Google Test links them statically. This will generate an error that looks +something like the following: gtest.lib(gtest-all.obj) : error LNK2038: mismatch +detected for 'RuntimeLibrary': value 'MTd_StaticDebug' doesn't match value +'MDd_DynamicDebug' in main.obj + +Google Test already has a CMake option for this: `gtest_force_shared_crt` + +Enabling this option will make gtest link the runtimes dynamically too, and +match the project in which it is included. + +### Legacy Build Scripts Before settling on CMake, we have been providing hand-maintained build -projects/scripts for Visual Studio, Xcode, and Autotools. While we -continue to provide them for convenience, they are not actively -maintained any more. We highly recommend that you follow the -instructions in the previous two sections to integrate Google Test -with your existing build system. +projects/scripts for Visual Studio, Xcode, and Autotools. While we continue to +provide them for convenience, they are not actively maintained any more. We +highly recommend that you follow the instructions in the above sections to +integrate Google Test with your existing build system. If you still need to use the legacy build scripts, here's how: -The msvc\ folder contains two solutions with Visual C++ projects. -Open the `gtest.sln` or `gtest-md.sln` file using Visual Studio, and you -are ready to build Google Test the same way you build any Visual -Studio project. Files that have names ending with -md use DLL -versions of Microsoft runtime libraries (the /MD or the /MDd compiler -option). Files without that suffix use static versions of the runtime -libraries (the /MT or the /MTd option). Please note that one must use -the same option to compile both gtest and the test code. If you use -Visual Studio 2005 or above, we recommend the -md version as /MD is -the default for new projects in these versions of Visual Studio. - -On Mac OS X, open the `gtest.xcodeproj` in the `xcode/` folder using -Xcode. Build the "gtest" target. The universal binary framework will -end up in your selected build directory (selected in the Xcode -"Preferences..." -> "Building" pane and defaults to xcode/build). -Alternatively, at the command line, enter: +The msvc\ folder contains two solutions with Visual C++ projects. Open the +`gtest.sln` or `gtest-md.sln` file using Visual Studio, and you are ready to +build Google Test the same way you build any Visual Studio project. Files that +have names ending with -md use DLL versions of Microsoft runtime libraries (the +/MD or the /MDd compiler option). Files without that suffix use static versions +of the runtime libraries (the /MT or the /MTd option). Please note that one must +use the same option to compile both gtest and the test code. If you use Visual +Studio 2005 or above, we recommend the -md version as /MD is the default for new +projects in these versions of Visual Studio. + +On Mac OS X, open the `gtest.xcodeproj` in the `xcode/` folder using Xcode. +Build the "gtest" target. The universal binary framework will end up in your +selected build directory (selected in the Xcode "Preferences..." -> "Building" +pane and defaults to xcode/build). Alternatively, at the command line, enter: xcodebuild -This will build the "Release" configuration of gtest.framework in your -default build location. See the "xcodebuild" man page for more -information about building different configurations and building in -different locations. +This will build the "Release" configuration of gtest.framework in your default +build location. See the "xcodebuild" man page for more information about +building different configurations and building in different locations. -If you wish to use the Google Test Xcode project with Xcode 4.x and -above, you need to either: +If you wish to use the Google Test Xcode project with Xcode 4.x and above, you +need to either: - * update the SDK configuration options in xcode/Config/General.xconfig. - Comment options `SDKROOT`, `MACOS_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET`, and `GCC_VERSION`. If - you choose this route you lose the ability to target earlier versions - of MacOS X. - * Install an SDK for an earlier version. This doesn't appear to be - supported by Apple, but has been reported to work - (http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5378518). +* update the SDK configuration options in xcode/Config/General.xconfig. + Comment options `SDKROOT`, `MACOS_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET`, and `GCC_VERSION`. If + you choose this route you lose the ability to target earlier versions of + MacOS X. +* Install an SDK for an earlier version. This doesn't appear to be supported + by Apple, but has been reported to work + (http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5378518). -### Tweaking Google Test ### +### Tweaking Google Test -Google Test can be used in diverse environments. The default -configuration may not work (or may not work well) out of the box in -some environments. However, you can easily tweak Google Test by -defining control macros on the compiler command line. Generally, -these macros are named like `GTEST_XYZ` and you define them to either 1 -or 0 to enable or disable a certain feature. +Google Test can be used in diverse environments. The default configuration may +not work (or may not work well) out of the box in some environments. However, +you can easily tweak Google Test by defining control macros on the compiler +command line. Generally, these macros are named like `GTEST_XYZ` and you define +them to either 1 or 0 to enable or disable a certain feature. -We list the most frequently used macros below. For a complete list, -see file [include/gtest/internal/gtest-port.h](include/gtest/internal/gtest-port.h). +We list the most frequently used macros below. For a complete list, see file +[include/gtest/internal/gtest-port.h](https://github.com/google/googletest/blob/master/include/gtest/internal/gtest-port.h). -### Choosing a TR1 Tuple Library ### +### Choosing a TR1 Tuple Library -Some Google Test features require the C++ Technical Report 1 (TR1) -tuple library, which is not yet available with all compilers. The -good news is that Google Test implements a subset of TR1 tuple that's -enough for its own need, and will automatically use this when the -compiler doesn't provide TR1 tuple. +Some Google Test features require the C++ Technical Report 1 (TR1) tuple +library, which is not yet available with all compilers. The good news is that +Google Test implements a subset of TR1 tuple that's enough for its own need, and +will automatically use this when the compiler doesn't provide TR1 tuple. -Usually you don't need to care about which tuple library Google Test -uses. However, if your project already uses TR1 tuple, you need to -tell Google Test to use the same TR1 tuple library the rest of your -project uses, or the two tuple implementations will clash. To do -that, add +Usually you don't need to care about which tuple library Google Test uses. +However, if your project already uses TR1 tuple, you need to tell Google Test to +use the same TR1 tuple library the rest of your project uses, or the two tuple +implementations will clash. To do that, add -DGTEST_USE_OWN_TR1_TUPLE=0 -to the compiler flags while compiling Google Test and your tests. If -you want to force Google Test to use its own tuple library, just add +to the compiler flags while compiling Google Test and your tests. If you want to +force Google Test to use its own tuple library, just add -DGTEST_USE_OWN_TR1_TUPLE=1 @@ -167,15 +268,15 @@ If you don't want Google Test to use tuple at all, add and all features using tuple will be disabled. -### Multi-threaded Tests ### +### Multi-threaded Tests -Google Test is thread-safe where the pthread library is available. -After `#include "gtest/gtest.h"`, you can check the `GTEST_IS_THREADSAFE` -macro to see whether this is the case (yes if the macro is `#defined` to -1, no if it's undefined.). +Google Test is thread-safe where the pthread library is available. After +`#include "gtest/gtest.h"`, you can check the `GTEST_IS_THREADSAFE` macro to see +whether this is the case (yes if the macro is `#defined` to 1, no if it's +undefined.). -If Google Test doesn't correctly detect whether pthread is available -in your environment, you can force it with +If Google Test doesn't correctly detect whether pthread is available in your +environment, you can force it with -DGTEST_HAS_PTHREAD=1 @@ -183,26 +284,24 @@ or -DGTEST_HAS_PTHREAD=0 -When Google Test uses pthread, you may need to add flags to your -compiler and/or linker to select the pthread library, or you'll get -link errors. If you use the CMake script or the deprecated Autotools -script, this is taken care of for you. If you use your own build -script, you'll need to read your compiler and linker's manual to -figure out what flags to add. +When Google Test uses pthread, you may need to add flags to your compiler and/or +linker to select the pthread library, or you'll get link errors. If you use the +CMake script or the deprecated Autotools script, this is taken care of for you. +If you use your own build script, you'll need to read your compiler and linker's +manual to figure out what flags to add. -### As a Shared Library (DLL) ### +### As a Shared Library (DLL) -Google Test is compact, so most users can build and link it as a -static library for the simplicity. You can choose to use Google Test -as a shared library (known as a DLL on Windows) if you prefer. +Google Test is compact, so most users can build and link it as a static library +for the simplicity. You can choose to use Google Test as a shared library (known +as a DLL on Windows) if you prefer. To compile *gtest* as a shared library, add -DGTEST_CREATE_SHARED_LIBRARY=1 -to the compiler flags. You'll also need to tell the linker to produce -a shared library instead - consult your linker's manual for how to do -it. +to the compiler flags. You'll also need to tell the linker to produce a shared +library instead - consult your linker's manual for how to do it. To compile your *tests* that use the gtest shared library, add @@ -210,31 +309,28 @@ To compile your *tests* that use the gtest shared library, add to the compiler flags. -Note: while the above steps aren't technically necessary today when -using some compilers (e.g. GCC), they may become necessary in the -future, if we decide to improve the speed of loading the library (see -<http://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/Visibility> for details). Therefore you are -recommended to always add the above flags when using Google Test as a -shared library. Otherwise a future release of Google Test may break -your build script. +Note: while the above steps aren't technically necessary today when using some +compilers (e.g. GCC), they may become necessary in the future, if we decide to +improve the speed of loading the library (see +<http://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/Visibility> for details). Therefore you are recommended +to always add the above flags when using Google Test as a shared library. +Otherwise a future release of Google Test may break your build script. -### Avoiding Macro Name Clashes ### +### Avoiding Macro Name Clashes -In C++, macros don't obey namespaces. Therefore two libraries that -both define a macro of the same name will clash if you `#include` both -definitions. In case a Google Test macro clashes with another -library, you can force Google Test to rename its macro to avoid the -conflict. +In C++, macros don't obey namespaces. Therefore two libraries that both define a +macro of the same name will clash if you `#include` both definitions. In case a +Google Test macro clashes with another library, you can force Google Test to +rename its macro to avoid the conflict. -Specifically, if both Google Test and some other code define macro -FOO, you can add +Specifically, if both Google Test and some other code define macro FOO, you can +add -DGTEST_DONT_DEFINE_FOO=1 -to the compiler flags to tell Google Test to change the macro's name -from `FOO` to `GTEST_FOO`. Currently `FOO` can be `FAIL`, `SUCCEED`, -or `TEST`. For example, with `-DGTEST_DONT_DEFINE_TEST=1`, you'll -need to write +to the compiler flags to tell Google Test to change the macro's name from `FOO` +to `GTEST_FOO`. Currently `FOO` can be `FAIL`, `SUCCEED`, or `TEST`. For +example, with `-DGTEST_DONT_DEFINE_TEST=1`, you'll need to write GTEST_TEST(SomeTest, DoesThis) { ... } @@ -243,38 +339,3 @@ instead of TEST(SomeTest, DoesThis) { ... } in order to define a test. - -## Developing Google Test ## - -This section discusses how to make your own changes to Google Test. - -### Testing Google Test Itself ### - -To make sure your changes work as intended and don't break existing -functionality, you'll want to compile and run Google Test's own tests. -For that you can use CMake: - - mkdir mybuild - cd mybuild - cmake -Dgtest_build_tests=ON ${GTEST_DIR} - -Make sure you have Python installed, as some of Google Test's tests -are written in Python. If the cmake command complains about not being -able to find Python (`Could NOT find PythonInterp (missing: -PYTHON_EXECUTABLE)`), try telling it explicitly where your Python -executable can be found: - - cmake -DPYTHON_EXECUTABLE=path/to/python -Dgtest_build_tests=ON ${GTEST_DIR} - -Next, you can build Google Test and all of its own tests. On \*nix, -this is usually done by 'make'. To run the tests, do - - make test - -All tests should pass. - -Normally you don't need to worry about regenerating the source files, -unless you need to modify them. In that case, you should modify the -corresponding .pump files instead and run the pump.py Python script to -regenerate them. You can find pump.py in the [scripts/](scripts/) directory. -Read the [Pump manual](docs/PumpManual.md) for how to use it. |