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+@c
+@c  COPYRIGHT (c) 1988-1998.
+@c  On-Line Applications Research Corporation (OAR).
+@c  All rights reserved. 
+@c
+@c  $Id$
+@c
+
+@chapter Files and Directories Manager
+
+@section Introduction
+
+The files and directories manager is ...
+
+The directives provided by the files and directories manager are:
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item @code{opendir} - Open a Directory
+@item @code{readdir} - Reads a directory
+@item @code{rewinddir} - Resets the @code{readdir()} pointer 
+@item @code{scandir} - Scan a directory for matching entries
+@item @code{telldir} - Return current location in directory stream
+@item @code{closedir} - Ends directory read operation
+@item @code{getdents} - Get directory entries
+@item @code{chdir} - Changes the current working directory
+@item @code{getcwd} - Gets current working directory
+@item @code{open} - Opens a file
+@item @code{creat} - Create a new file or rewrite an existing one
+@item @code{umask} - Sets a file creation mask
+@item @code{link} - Creates a link to a file
+@item @code{symlink} - Creates a symbolic link to a file
+@item @code{readlink} - Obtain the name of the link destination
+@item @code{mkdir} - Makes a directory
+@item @code{mkfifo} - Makes a FIFO special file
+@item @code{unlink} - Removes a directory entry 
+@item @code{rmdir} - Delete a directory
+@item @code{rename} - Renames a file 
+@item @code{stat} - Gets information about a file.
+@item @code{fstat} - Gets file status
+@item @code{access} - Check user's permissions for a file.
+@item @code{chmod} - Changes file mode
+@item @code{fchmod} - Changes permissions of a file
+@item @code{chown} - Changes the owner and/ or group of a file
+@item @code{utime} - Change access and/or modification times of an inode
+@item @code{ftruncate} - Truncate a file to a specified length
+@item @code{truncate} - Truncate a file to a specified length
+@item @code{pathconf} - Gets configuration values for files
+@item @code{fpathconf} - Get configuration values for files
+@item @code{mknod} - Create a directory
+@end itemize
+
+@section Background
+
+There is currently no text in this section.
+
+@section Operations
+
+There is currently no text in this section.
+
+@section Directives
+
+This section details the files and directories manager's directives.
+A subsection is dedicated to each of this manager's directives
+and describes the calling sequence, related constants, usage,
+and status codes.
+
+@page
+@subsection opendir - Open a Directory
+
+@subheading CALLING SEQUENCE:
+
+@ifset is-C
+@example
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <dirent.h>
+
+int opendir(
+  const char *dirname
+);
+@end example
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset is-Ada
+@end ifset
+
+@subheading STATUS CODES:
+
+@table @b
+@item EACCES
+Search permission was denied on a component of the path
+prefix of @code{dirname}, or read permission is denied
+
+@item EMFILE
+Too many file descriptors in use by process
+
+@item ENFILE
+Too many files are currently open in the system.
+
+@item ENOENT
+Directory does not exist, or @code{name} is an empty string.
+
+@item ENOMEM
+Insufficient memory to complete the operation.
+
+@item ENOTDIR
+@code{name} is not a directory.
+
+@end table
+
+@subheading DESCRIPTION:
+
+This routine opens a directory stream corresponding to the
+directory specified by the @code{dirname} argument.  The 
+directory stream is positioned at the first entry.
+
+@subheading NOTES:
+
+The routine is implemented in Cygnus newlib.
+
+@page
+@subsection readdir - Reads a directory
+
+@subheading CALLING SEQUENCE:
+
+@ifset is-C
+@example
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <dirent.h>
+
+int readdir(
+  DIR    *dirp
+);
+@end example
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset is-Ada
+@end ifset
+
+@subheading STATUS CODES:
+
+@table @b
+@item EBADF
+Invalid file descriptor
+
+@end table
+
+@subheading DESCRIPTION:
+
+The @code{readdir()} function returns a pointer to a structure @code{dirent}
+representing the next directory entry from the directory stream pointed to
+by @code{dirp}.  On end-of-file, NULL is returned.
+
+The @code{readdir()} function may (or may not) return entries for . or .. Your
+program should tolerate reading dot and dot-dot but not require them.
+
+The data pointed to be @code{readdir()} may be overwritten by another call to
+@code{readdir()} for the same directory stream.  It will not be overwritten by 
+a call for another directory.
+
+@subheading NOTES: 
+
+If @code{ptr} is not a pointer returned by @code{malloc()}, @code{calloc()}, or 
+@code{realloc()} or has been deallocated with @code{free()} or
+@code{realloc()}, the results are not portable and are probably disastrous.
+
+The routine is implemented in Cygnus newlib.
+
+@page
+@subsection rewinddir - Resets the readdir() pointer
+
+@subheading CALLING SEQUENCE:
+
+@ifset is-C
+@example
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <dirent.h>
+
+void rewinddir(
+  DIR *dirp
+);
+@end example
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset is-Ada
+@end ifset
+
+@subheading STATUS CODES:
+
+No value is returned.
+
+@subheading DESCRIPTION:
+
+The @code{rewinddir()} function resets the position associated with
+the directory stream pointed to by @code{dirp}.  It also causes the
+directory stream to refer to the current state of the directory.
+
+@subheading NOTES: 
+
+NONE
+
+If @code{dirp} is not a pointer by @code{opendir()}, the results are
+undefined.
+
+The routine is implemented in Cygnus newlib.
+
+@page
+@subsection scandir - Scan a directory for matching entries
+
+@subheading CALLING SEQUENCE:
+
+@ifset is-C
+@example
+#include <dirent.h>
+
+int scandir(
+  const char      *dir,
+  struct direct ***namelist,
+  int (*select)(const struct dirent *),
+  int (*compar)(const struct dirent **, const struct dirent **)
+);
+@end example
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset is-Ada
+@end ifset
+
+@subheading STATUS CODES:
+
+@table @b
+@item ENOMEM
+Insufficient memory to complete the operation.
+
+@end table
+
+@subheading DESCRIPTION:
+
+The @code{scandir()} function scans the directory @code{dir}, calling
+@code{select()} on each directory entry.  Entries for which @code{select()}
+returns non-zero are stored in strings allocated via @code{malloc()}, 
+sorted using @code{qsort()} with the comparison function @code{compar()},
+and collected in array @code{namelist} which is allocated via @code{malloc()}.
+If @code{select} is NULL, all entries are selected.
+
+@subheading NOTES:
+
+The routine is implemented in Cygnus newlib.
+
+@page
+@subsection telldir - Return current location in directory stream
+
+@subheading CALLING SEQUENCE:
+
+@ifset is-C
+@example
+#include <dirent.h>
+
+off_t telldir(
+  DIR *dir
+);
+@end example
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset is-Ada
+@end ifset
+
+@subheading STATUS CODES:
+
+@table @b
+@item EBADF
+Invalid directory stream descriptor @code{dir}.
+
+@end table
+
+@subheading DESCRIPTION:
+
+The @code{telldir()} function returns the current location associated with the
+directory stream @code{dir}.
+
+@subheading NOTES: 
+
+The routine is implemented in Cygnus newlib.
+
+@page
+@subsection closedir - Ends directory read operation 
+
+@subheading CALLING SEQUENCE:
+
+@ifset is-C
+@example
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <dirent.h>
+
+int closedir(
+  DIR *dirp
+);
+@end example
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset is-Ada
+@end ifset
+
+@subheading STATUS CODES:
+
+@table @b
+@item EBADF
+Invalid file descriptor
+
+@end table
+
+@subheading DESCRIPTION:
+
+The directory stream associated with @code{dirp} is closed.
+The value in @code{dirp} may not be usable after a call to
+@code{closedir()}.
+
+@subheading NOTES: 
+
+NONE
+
+The argument to @code{closedir()} must be a pointer returned by 
+@code{opendir()}.  If it is not, the results are not portable and
+most likely unpleasant.
+
+The routine is implemented in Cygnus newlib.
+
+@page
+@subsection chdir - Changes the current working directory
+
+@subheading CALLING SEQUENCE:
+
+@ifset is-C
+@example
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+int chdir(
+  const char  *path
+);
+@end example
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset is-Ada
+@end ifset
+
+@subheading STATUS CODES:
+
+@table @b
+@item EACCES
+Search permission is denied for a directory in a file's path prefix.
+
+@item ENAMETOOLONG
+Length of a filename string exceeds PATH_MAX and _POSIX_NO_TRUNC is 
+in effect.
+
+@item ENOENT
+A file or directory does not exist.
+
+@item ENOTDIR
+A component of the specified pathname was not a directory when directory
+was expected.
+
+@end table
+
+@subheading DESCRIPTION:
+
+The @code{chdir()} function causes the directory named by @code{path} to
+become the current working directory; that is, the starting point for
+searches of pathnames not beginning with a slash.
+
+If @code{chdir()} detects an error, the current working directory is not 
+changed.
+
+@subheading NOTES:
+
+NONE
+
+@page
+@subsection getcwd - Gets current working directory 
+
+@subheading CALLING SEQUENCE:
+
+@ifset is-C
+@example
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+int getcwd( void );
+@end example
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset is-Ada
+@end ifset
+
+@subheading STATUS CODES:
+
+@table @b
+@item EINVAL
+Invalid argument
+
+@item ERANGE
+Result is too large
+
+@item EACCES
+Search permission is denied for a directory in a file's path prefix.
+
+@end table
+
+@subheading DESCRIPTION:
+
+The @code{getcwd()} function copies the absolute pathname of the current
+working directory to the character array pointed to by @code{buf}.  The
+@code{size} argument is the number of bytes available in @code{buf}
+
+@subheading NOTES:
+
+There is no way to determine the maximum string length that @code{fetcwd()}
+may need to return.  Applications should tolerate getting @code{ERANGE}
+and allocate a larger buffer.
+
+It is possible for @code{getcwd()} to return EACCES if, say, @code{login}
+puts the process into a directory without read access.
+
+The 1988 standard uses @code{int} instead of @code{size_t} for the second
+parameter.
+
+@page
+@subsection open - Opens a file
+
+@subheading CALLING SEQUENCE:
+
+@ifset is-C
+@example
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+
+int open(
+   const char *path,
+   int         oflag,
+   mode_t      mode
+);
+@end example
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset is-Ada
+@end ifset
+
+@subheading STATUS CODES:
+
+@table @b
+
+@item EACCES
+Search permission is denied for a directory in a file's path prefix.
+
+@item EEXIST
+The named file already exists.
+
+@item EINTR
+Function was interrupted by a signal.
+
+@item EISDIR
+Attempt to open a directory for writing or to rename a file to be a
+directory.
+
+@item EMFILE
+Too many file descriptors are in use by this process.
+
+@item ENAMETOOLONG
+Length of a filename string exceeds PATH_MAX and _POSIX_NO_TRUNC is in
+effect.
+
+@item ENFILE
+Too many files are currently open in the system.
+
+@item ENOENT
+A file or directory does not exist.
+
+@item ENOSPC
+No space left on disk.
+
+@item ENOTDIR
+A component of the specified pathname was not a directory when a directory
+was expected.
+
+@item ENXIO
+No such device.  This error may also occur when a device is not ready, for 
+example, a tape drive is off-line.
+
+@item EROFS
+Read-only file system.
+@end table
+
+@subheading DESCRIPTION:
+
+The @code{open} function establishes a connection between a file and a file 
+descriptor.  The file descriptor is a small integer that is used by I/O 
+functions to reference the file.  The @code{path} argument points to the 
+pathname for the file.
+
+The @code{oflag} argument is the bitwise inclusive OR of the values of 
+symbolic constants.  The programmer must specify exactly one of the following
+three symbols:
+
+@table @b
+@item O_RDONLY
+Open for reading only.
+
+@item O_WRONLY
+Open for writing only.
+
+@item O_RDWR
+Open for reading and writing.
+
+@end table
+
+Any combination of the following symbols may also be used.
+
+@table @b
+@item O_APPEND
+Set the file offset to the end-of-file prior to each write.
+
+@item O_CREAT
+If the file does not exist, allow it to be created.  This flag indicates
+that the @code{mode} argument is present in the call to @code{open}.
+
+@item O_EXCL
+This flag may be used only if O_CREAT is also set.  It causes the call
+to @code{open} to fail if the file already exists.
+
+@item O_NOCTTY
+If @code{path} identifies a terminal, this flag prevents that teminal from
+becoming the controlling terminal for thi9s process.  See Chapter 8 for a
+description of terminal I/O.
+
+@item O_NONBLOCK
+Do no wait for the device or file to be ready or available.  After the file
+is open, the @code{read} and @code{write} calls return immediately.  If the 
+process would be delayed in the read or write opermation, -1 is returned and 
+@code{errno} is set to @code{EAGAIN} instead of blocking the caller.
+
+@item O_TRUNC
+This flag should be used only on ordinary files opened for writing.  It 
+causes the file to be tuncated to zero length..
+
+@end table
+
+Upon successful completion, @code{open} returns a non-negative file 
+descriptor.
+
+@subheading NOTES: 
+
+NONE
+
+@page
+@subsection creat - Create a new file or rewrite an existing one 
+
+@subheading CALLING SEQUENCE:
+
+@ifset is-C
+@example
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+
+int creat(
+  const char *path, 
+  mode_t      mode
+);
+@end example
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset is-Ada
+@end ifset
+
+@subheading STATUS CODES:
+
+@table @b
+@item EEXIST
+@code{path} already exists and O_CREAT and O_EXCL were used.
+
+@item EISDIR
+@code{path} refers to a directory and the access requested involved
+writing
+
+@item ETXTBSY
+@code{path} refers to an executable image which is currently being
+executed and write access was requested
+
+@item EFAULT
+@code{path} points outside your accessible address space
+
+@item EACCES
+The requested access to the file is not allowed, or one of the 
+directories in @code{path} did not allow search (execute) permission.
+
+@item ENAMETOOLONG
+@code{path} was too long.
+
+@item ENOENT
+A directory component in @code{path} does not exist or is a dangling
+symbolic link.
+
+@item ENOTDIR
+A component used as a directory in @code{path} is not, in fact, a 
+directory.
+
+@item EMFILE
+The process alreadyh has the maximum number of files open.
+
+@item ENFILE
+The limit on the total number of files open on the system has been 
+reached.
+
+@item ENOMEM
+Insufficient kernel memory was available.
+
+@item EROFS
+@code{path} refers to a file on a read-only filesystem and write access
+was requested
+
+@end table
+
+@subheading DESCRIPTION:
+
+@code{creat} attempts to create a file and return a file descriptor for
+use in read, write, etc.
+
+@subheading NOTES:
+
+NONE
+
+The routine is implemented in Cygnus newlib.
+
+@page
+@subsection umask - Sets a file creation mask.
+
+@subheading CALLING SEQUENCE:
+
+@ifset is-C
+@example
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+
+mode_t umask(
+  mode_t cmask
+);
+@end example
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset is-Ada
+@end ifset
+
+@subheading STATUS CODES:
+
+@subheading DESCRIPTION:
+
+The @code{umask()} function sets the process file creation mask to @code{cmask}.
+The file creation mask is used during @code{open()}, @code{creat()}, @code{mkdir()},
+@code{mkfifo()} calls to turn off permission bits in the @code{mode} argument.
+Bit positions that are set in @code{cmask} are cleared in the mode of the
+created file.
+
+@subheading NOTES: 
+
+NONE
+
+The @code{cmask} argument should have only permission bits set.  All other 
+bits should be zero.
+
+In a system which supports multiple processes, the file creation mask is inherited
+across @code{fork()} and @code{exec()} calls.  This makes it possible to alter the
+default permission bits of created files.  RTEMS does not support multiple processes
+so this behavior is not possible.
+
+@page
+@subsection link - Creates a link to a file
+
+@subheading CALLING SEQUENCE:
+
+@ifset is-C
+@example
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+int link(
+  const char *existing,
+  const char *new
+);
+@end example
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset is-Ada
+@end ifset
+
+@subheading STATUS CODES:
+
+@table @b
+
+@item EACCES
+Search permission is denied for a directory in a file's path prefix
+
+@item EEXIST
+The named file already exists.
+
+@item EMLINK
+The number of links would exceed @code{LINK_MAX}.
+
+@item ENAMETOOLONG
+Length of a filename string exceeds PATH_MAX and _POSIX_NO_TRUNC is in
+effect.
+
+@item ENOENT
+A file or directory does not exist.
+@item ENOSPC
+No space left on disk.
+
+@item ENOTDIR
+A component of the specified pathname was not a directory when a directory
+was expected.
+
+@item EPERM
+Operation is not permitted.  Process does not have the appropriate priviledges
+or permissions to perform the requested operations.
+
+@item EROFS
+Read-only file system.
+
+@item EXDEV
+Attempt to link a file to another file system.
+
+@end table
+
+@subheading DESCRIPTION:
+
+The @code{link()} function atomically creates a new link for an existing file
+and increments the link count for the file.
+
+If the @code{link()} function fails, no directories are modified.
+
+The @code{existing} argument should not be a directory.
+
+The caller may (or may not) need permission to access the existing file.
+
+@subheading NOTES:
+
+NONE
+
+@page
+@subsection symlink - Creates a symbolic link to a file
+
+@subheading CALLING SEQUENCE:
+
+@ifset is-C
+@example
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+int symlink(
+  const char *topath,
+  const char *frompath
+);
+@end example
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset is-Ada
+@end ifset
+
+@subheading STATUS CODES:
+
+@table @b
+
+@item EACCES
+Search permission is denied for a directory in a file's path prefix
+
+@item EEXIST
+The named file already exists.
+
+@item ENAMETOOLONG
+Length of a filename string exceeds PATH_MAX and _POSIX_NO_TRUNC is in
+effect.
+
+@item ENOENT
+A file or directory does not exist.
+
+@item ENOSPC
+No space left on disk.
+
+@item ENOTDIR
+A component of the specified pathname was not a directory when a directory
+was expected.
+
+@item EPERM
+Operation is not permitted.  Process does not have the appropriate priviledges
+or permissions to perform the requested operations. 
+
+@item EROFS
+Read-only file system.
+
+@end table
+
+@subheading DESCRIPTION:
+
+The @code{symlink()} function creates a symbolic link from the frombath to the
+topath.  The symbolic link will be interpreted at run-time.
+
+If the @code{symlink()} function fails, no directories are modified.
+
+The caller may (or may not) need permission to access the existing file.
+
+@subheading NOTES:
+
+NONE
+
+@page
+@subsection readlink - Obtain the name of a symbolic link destination
+
+@subheading CALLING SEQUENCE:
+
+@ifset is-C
+@example
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+int readlink(
+  const char *path,
+  char       *buf,
+  size_t      bufsize
+);
+
+@end example
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset is-Ada
+@end ifset
+
+@subheading STATUS CODES:
+
+@table @b
+
+@item EACCES
+Search permission is denied for a directory in a file's path prefix
+
+@item ENAMETOOLONG
+Length of a filename string exceeds PATH_MAX and _POSIX_NO_TRUNC is in
+effect.
+
+@item ENOENT
+A file or directory does not exist.
+
+@item ENOTDIR
+A component of the prefix pathname was not a directory when a directory
+was expected.
+
+@item ELOOP
+Too many symbolic links were encountered in the pathname.
+
+@item EINVAL
+The pathname does not refer to a symbolic link
+
+@item EFAULT
+An invalid pointer was passed into the @code{readlink()} routine.
+
+@end table
+
+@subheading DESCRIPTION:
+
+The @code{readlink()} function places the symbolic link destination into 
+@code{buf} argument and returns the number of characters copied.
+
+If the symbolic link destination is longer than bufsize characters the 
+name will be truncated.
+
+@subheading NOTES:
+
+NONE
+
+@page
+@subsection mkdir - Makes a directory
+
+@subheading CALLING SEQUENCE:
+
+@ifset is-C
+@example
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+
+int mkdir(
+  const char *path,
+  mode_t      mode
+);
+@end example
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset is-Ada
+@end ifset
+
+@subheading STATUS CODES:
+
+@table @b
+@item EACCES
+Search permission is denied for a directory in a file's path prefix
+
+@item EEXIST
+The name file already exist.  
+
+@item EMLINK
+The number of links would exceed LINK_MAX
+
+@item ENAMETOOLONG
+Length of a filename string exceeds PATH_MAX and _POSIX_NO_TRUNC is in
+effect.
+
+@item ENOENT
+A file or directory does not exist.
+
+@item ENOSPC
+No space left on disk.
+
+@item ENOTDIR
+A component of the specified pathname was not a directory when a directory
+was expected.
+
+@item EROFS
+Read-only file system.
+
+@end table
+
+@subheading DESCRIPTION:
+
+The @code{mkdir()} function creates a new diectory named @code{path}.  The 
+permission bits (modified by the file creation mask) are set from @code{mode}.
+The owner and group IDs for the directory are set from the effective user ID
+and group ID.
+
+The new directory may (or may not) contain entries for.. and .. but is otherwise
+empty.
+
+@subheading NOTES:
+
+NONE
+
+@page
+@subsection mkfifo - Makes a FIFO special file
+
+@subheading CALLING SEQUENCE:
+
+@ifset is-C
+@example
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+
+
+int mkfifo(
+  const char *path,
+  mode_t      mode
+);
+@end example
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset is-Ada
+@end ifset
+
+@subheading STATUS CODES:
+
+@table @b
+@item EACCES
+Search permission is denied for a directory in a file's path prefix
+
+@item EEXIST
+The named file already exists.
+
+@item ENOENT
+A file or directory does not exist.
+
+@item ENOSPC
+No space left on disk.
+
+@item ENOTDIR
+A component of the specified @code{path} was not a directory when a directory
+was expected.
+
+@item EROFS
+Read-only file system.
+
+@end table
+
+@subheading DESCRIPTION:
+
+The @code{mkfifo()} function creates a new FIFO special file named @code{path}.
+The permission bits (modified by the file creation mask) are set from 
+@code{mode}.  The owner and group IDs for the FIFO are set from the efective
+user ID and group ID.
+
+@subheading NOTES:
+
+NONE
+
+@page
+@subsection unlink - Removes a directory entry
+
+@subheading CALLING SEQUENCE:
+
+@ifset is-C
+@example
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+int unlink(
+  const char path
+);
+@end example
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset is-Ada
+@end ifset
+
+@subheading STATUS CODES:
+
+@table @b
+@item EACCES
+Search permission is denied for a directory in a file's path prefix
+
+@item EBUSY
+The directory is in use.
+
+@item ENAMETOOLONG
+Length of a filename string exceeds PATH_MAX and _POSIX_NO_TRUNC is in
+effect.
+
+@item ENOENT
+A file or directory does not exist.
+
+@item ENOTDIR
+A component of the specified @code{path} was not a directory when a directory
+was expected.
+
+@item EPERM
+Operation is not permitted.  Process does not have the appropriate priviledges
+or permissions to perform the requested operations.
+
+@item EROFS
+Read-only file system.
+
+@end table
+
+@subheading DESCRIPTION:
+
+The @code{unlink} function removes the link named by @code{path} and decrements the
+link count of the file referenced by the link.  When the link count goes to zero
+and no process has the file open, the space occupied by the file is freed and the
+file is no longer accessible. 
+
+@subheading NOTES:
+
+NONE
+
+@page
+@subsection rmdir - Delete a directory 
+
+@subheading CALLING SEQUENCE:
+
+@ifset is-C
+@example
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+int rmdir(
+  const char *pathname
+);
+@end example
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset is-Ada
+@end ifset
+
+@subheading STATUS CODES:
+
+@table @b
+@item EPERM
+The filesystem containing @code{pathname} does not support the removal
+of directories.
+
+@item EFAULT
+@code{pathname} points ouside your accessible address space.
+
+@item EACCES
+Write access to the directory containing @code{pathname} was not
+allowed for the process's effective uid, or one of the directories in 
+@code{pathname} did not allow search (execute) permission.
+
+@item EPERM
+The directory containing @code{pathname} has the stickybit (S_ISVTX) 
+set and the process's effective uid is neither the uid of the file to 
+be delected nor that of the director containing it.
+
+@item ENAMETOOLONG
+@code{pathname} was too long.
+
+@item ENOENT
+A dirctory component in @code{pathname} does not exist or is a 
+dangling symbolic link.
+
+@item ENOTDIR
+@code{pathname}, or a component used as a directory in @code{pathname},
+is not, in fact, a directory.
+
+@item ENOTEMPTY
+@code{pathname} contains entries other than . and .. .
+
+@item EBUSY
+@code{pathname} is the current working directory or root directory of 
+some process
+
+@item EBUSY
+@code{pathname} is the current directory or root directory of some 
+process.
+
+@item ENOMEM
+Insufficient kernel memory was available
+
+@item EROGS
+@code{pathname} refers to a file on a read-only filesystem.
+
+@item ELOOP
+@code{pathname} contains a reference to a circular symbolic link
+
+@end table
+
+@subheading DESCRIPTION:
+
+@code{rmdir} deletes a directory, which must be empty
+
+
+@subheading NOTES:
+
+NONE
+
+@page
+@subsection rename - Renames a file 
+
+@subheading CALLING SEQUENCE:
+
+@ifset is-C
+@example
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+int rename(
+  const char *old, 
+  const char *new
+);
+@end example
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset is-Ada
+@end ifset
+
+@subheading STATUS CODES:
+
+@table @b
+@item EACCES
+Search permission is denied for a directory in a file's path prefix.
+
+@item EBUSY
+The directory is in use.
+
+@item EEXIST
+The named file already exists.
+
+@item EINVAL
+Invalid argument.
+
+@item EISDIR
+Attempt to open a directory for writing or to rename a file to be a 
+directory.
+
+@item EMLINK
+The number of links would exceed LINK_MAX.
+
+@item ENAMETOOLONG
+Length of a filename string exceeds PATH_MAX and _POSIX_NO_TRUNC is
+in effect.
+
+@item ENOENT
+A file or directory does no exist.
+
+@item ENOSPC
+No space left on disk.
+
+@item ENOTDIR
+A component of the specified pathname was not a directory when a 
+directory was expected.
+
+@item ENOTEMPTY
+Attempt to delete or rename a non-empty directory.
+
+@item EROFS
+Read-only file system
+
+@item EXDEV
+Attempt to link a file to another file system.
+@end table
+
+@subheading DESCRIPTION:
+
+The @code{rename()} function causes the file known bo @code{old} to 
+now be known as @code{new}. 
+
+Ordinary files may be renamed to ordinary files, and directories may be
+renamed to directories; however, files cannot be converted using 
+@code{rename()}.  The @code{new} pathname may not contain a path prefix
+of @code{old}.
+
+@subheading NOTES:
+
+If a file already exists by the name @code{new}, it is removed.  The 
+@code{rename()} function is atomic.  If the @code{rename()} detects an
+error, no files are removed.  This guarantees that the
+@code{rename("x", "x")} does not remove @code{x}.
+
+You may not rename dot or dot-dot.
+
+The routine is implemented in Cygnus newlib using @code{link()} and
+@code{unlink()}.
+
+@page
+@subsection stat - Gets information about a file 
+
+@subheading CALLING SEQUENCE:
+
+@ifset is-C
+@example
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+
+int stat(
+  const char  *path, 
+  struct stat *buf
+);
+@end example
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset is-Ada
+@end ifset
+
+@subheading STATUS CODES:
+
+@table @b
+@item EACCES
+Search permission is denied for a directory in a file's path prefix.
+
+@item EBADF
+Invalid file descriptor.
+
+@item ENAMETOOLONG
+Length of a filename string exceeds PATH_MAX and _POSIX_NO_TRUNC is
+in effect.
+
+@item ENOENT
+A file or directory does not exist.
+
+@item ENOTDIR
+A component of the specified pathname was not a directory when a 
+directory was expected.
+
+@end table
+
+@subheading DESCRIPTION:
+
+The @code{path} argument points to a pathname for a file.  Read, write, or
+execute permission for the file is not required, but all directories listed
+in @code{path} must be searchable.  The @code{stat()} function obtains 
+information about the named file and writes it to the area pointed to by
+@code{buf}.
+
+@subheading NOTES:
+
+NONE
+
+@page
+@subsection fstat - Gets file status 
+
+@subheading CALLING SEQUENCE:
+
+@ifset is-C
+@example
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+
+int fstat(
+  int fildes,
+  struct stat *buf
+);
+@end example
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset is-Ada
+@end ifset
+
+@subheading STATUS CODES:
+
+@table @b
+@item EBADF
+Invalid file descriptor
+
+@end table
+
+@subheading DESCRIPTION:
+
+The @code{fstat()} function obtains information about the file
+associated with @code{fildes} and writes it to the area pointed
+to by the @code{buf} argument.
+
+@subheading NOTES:
+
+NONE
+
+@page
+@subsection access - Check user's permissions for a file
+
+@subheading CALLING SEQUENCE:
+
+@ifset is-C
+@example
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+int access(
+  const char *pathname,
+  int         mode
+);
+@end example
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset is-Ada
+@end ifset
+
+@subheading STATUS CODES:
+
+@table @b
+@item EACCES
+The requested access would be denied, either to the file itself or
+one of the directories in @code{pathname}.
+
+@item EFAULT
+@code{pathname} points outside your accessible address space.
+
+@item EINVAL
+@code{Mode} was incorrectly specified.
+
+@item ENAMETOOLONG
+@code{pathname} is too long.
+
+@item ENOENT
+A directory component in @code{pathname} would have been accessible but
+does not exist or was a dangling symbolic link.
+
+@item ENOTDIR
+A component used as a directory in @code{pathname} is not, in fact, 
+a directory.
+
+@item ENOMEM
+Insufficient kernel memory was available.
+
+@end table
+
+@subheading DESCRIPTION:
+
+@code{Access} checks whether the process would be allowed to read, write or 
+test for existence of the file (or other file system object) whose name is 
+@code{pathname}.  If @code{pathname} is a symbolic link permissions of the 
+file referred by this symbolic link are tested.
+
+@code{Mode} is a mask consisting of one or more of R_OK, W_OK, X_OK and F_OK.
+
+@subheading NOTES:
+
+NONE
+
+@page
+@subsection chmod - Changes file mode.
+
+@subheading CALLING SEQUENCE:
+
+@ifset is-C
+@example
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+
+int chmod(
+  const char *path,
+  mode_t      mode
+);
+@end example
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset is-Ada
+@end ifset
+
+@subheading STATUS CODES:
+
+@table @b
+@item EACCES
+Search permission is denied for a directory in a file's path prefix
+
+@item ENAMETOOLONG
+Length of a filename string exceeds PATH_MAX and _POSIX_NO_TRUNC is in
+effect.
+
+@item ENOENT
+A file or directory does not exist.
+
+@item ENOTDIR
+A component of the specified pathname was not a directory when a directory
+was expected.
+
+@item EPERM
+Operation is not permitted.  Process does not have the appropriate priviledges
+or permissions to perform the requested operations.
+
+@item EROFS
+Read-only file system.
+
+@end table
+
+@subheading DESCRIPTION:
+
+Set the file permission bits, the set user ID bit, and the set group ID bit 
+for the file named by @code{path} to @code{mode}.  If the effective user ID 
+does not match the owner of the file and the calling process does not have 
+the appropriate privileges, @code{chmod()} returns -1 and sets @code{errno} to
+@code{EPERM}.
+
+@subheading NOTES:
+
+NONE
+
+@page
+@subsection fchmod - Changes permissions of a file 
+
+@subheading CALLING SEQUENCE:
+
+@ifset is-C
+@example
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+
+int fchmod(
+  int    fildes, 
+  mode_t mode
+);
+@end example
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset is-Ada
+@end ifset
+
+@subheading STATUS CODES:
+
+@table @b
+@item EACCES
+Search permission is denied for a directory in a file's path prefix.
+
+@item EBADF
+The descriptor is not valid.
+
+@item EFAULT
+@code{path} points outside your accessible address space.
+
+@item EIO
+A low-level I/o error occurred while modifying the inode.
+
+@item ELOOP
+@code{path} contains a circular reference
+
+@item ENAMETOOLONG
+Length of a filename string exceeds PATH_MAX and _POSIX_NO_TRUNC is
+in effect.
+
+@item ENOENT
+A file or directory does no exist.
+
+@item ENOMEM
+Insufficient kernel memory was avaliable.
+
+@item ENOTDIR
+A component of the specified pathname was not a directory when a 
+directory was expected.
+
+@item EPERM
+The effective UID does not match the owner of the file, and is not 
+zero
+
+@item EROFS
+Read-only file system
+@end table
+
+@subheading DESCRIPTION:
+
+The mode of the file given by @code{path} or referenced by 
+@code{filedes} is changed. 
+
+@subheading NOTES:
+
+NONE
+
+@page
+@subsection getdents - Get directory entries
+
+@subheading CALLING SEQUENCE:
+
+@ifset is-C
+@example
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <linux/dirent.h>
+#include <linux/unistd.h>
+
+long getdents(
+  int   dd_fd,
+  char *dd_buf,
+  int   dd_len
+);
+@end example
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset is-Ada
+@end ifset
+
+@subheading STATUS CODES:
+
+A successful call to @code{getdents} returns th the number of bytes read.  
+On end of directory, 0 is returned.  When an error occurs, -1 is returned, 
+and @code{errno} is set appropriately.
+
+@table @b
+@item EBADF
+Invalid file descriptor @code{fd}.
+
+@item EFAULT
+Argument points outside the calling process's address space.
+
+@item EINVAL
+Result buffer is too small.
+
+@item ENOENT
+No such directory.
+
+@item ENOTDIR
+File descriptor does not refer to a directory.
+
+@end table
+
+@subheading DESCRIPTION:
+
+@code{getdents} reads several @code{dirent} structures from the directory
+pointed by @code{fd} into the memory area pointed to by @code{dirp}.  The
+parameter @code{count} is the size of the memory area.  
+
+@subheading NOTES:
+
+NONE
+
+@page
+@subsection chown - Changes the owner and/or group of a file.
+
+@subheading CALLING SEQUENCE:
+
+@ifset is-C
+@example
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+int chown(
+  const char *path,
+  uid_t       owner,
+  gid_t       group
+);
+@end example
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset is-Ada
+@end ifset
+
+@subheading STATUS CODES:
+
+@table @b
+@item EACCES
+Search permission is denied for a directory in a file's path prefix
+
+@item EINVAL
+Invalid argument
+
+@item ENAMETOOLONG
+Length of a filename string exceeds PATH_MAX and _POSIX_NO_TRUNC is in
+effect.
+
+@item ENOENT
+A file or directory does not exist.
+
+@item ENOTDIR
+A component of the specified pathname was not a directory when a directory
+was expected.
+
+@item EPERM
+Operation is not permitted.  Process does not have the appropriate priviledges
+or permissions to perform the requested operations.
+
+@item EROFS
+Read-only file system.
+
+@end table
+
+@subheading DESCRIPTION:
+
+The user ID and group ID of the file named by @code{path} are set to 
+@code{owner} and @code{path}, respectively.
+
+For regular files, the set group ID (S_ISGID) and set user ID (S_ISUID)
+bits are cleared.
+
+Some systems consider it a security violation to allow the owner of a file to
+be changed,  If users are billed for disk space usage, loaning a file to 
+another user could result in incorrect billing.  The @code{chown()} function
+may be restricted to privileged users for some or all files.  The group ID can
+still be changed to one of the supplementary group IDs.
+
+@subheading NOTES:
+
+This function may be restricted for some file.  The @code{pathconf} function
+can be used to test the @code{_PC_CHOWN_RESTRICTED} flag.
+
+
+
+@page
+@subsection utime - Change access and/or modification times of an inode 
+
+@subheading CALLING SEQUENCE:
+
+@ifset is-C
+@example
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+int utime(
+  const char     *filename,
+  struct utimbuf *buf
+);
+@end example
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset is-Ada
+@end ifset
+
+@subheading STATUS CODES:
+
+@table @b
+@item EACCES
+Permission to write the file is denied
+
+@item ENOENT
+@code{Filename} does not exist
+
+@end table
+
+@subheading DESCRIPTION:
+
+@code{Utime} changes the access and modification times of the inode
+specified by @code{filename} to the @code{actime} and @code{modtime}
+fields of @code{buf} respectively.  If @code{buf} is NULL, then the 
+access and modification times of the file are set to the current time.  
+
+@subheading NOTES:
+
+NONE
+
+@page
+@subsection ftruncate - truncate a file to a specified length
+
+@subheading CALLING SEQUENCE:
+
+@ifset is-C
+@example
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+int ftrunctate(
+  int     fd,
+  size_t  length
+);
+@end example
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset is-Ada
+@end ifset
+
+@subheading STATUS CODES:
+
+@table @b
+@item ENOTDIR
+A component of the path prefix is not a directory.
+
+@item EINVAL
+The pathname contains a character with the high-order bit set.
+
+@item ENAMETOOLONG
+A component of a pathname exceeded 255 characters, or an entire
+path name exceeded 1023 characters.
+
+@item ENOENT
+The named file does not exist.
+
+@item EACCES
+The named file is not writable by the user.
+
+@item EACCES
+Search permission is denied for a component of the path prefix.
+
+@item ELOOP
+Too many symbolic links were encountered in translating the 
+pathname
+
+@item EISDIR
+The named file is a directory.
+
+@item EROFS
+The named file resides on a read-only file system
+
+@item ETXTBSY
+The file is a pure procedure (shared text) file that is being 
+executed
+
+@item EIO
+An I/O error occurred updating the inode.
+
+@item EFAULT
+@code{Path} points outside the process's allocated address space.
+
+@item EBADF
+The @code{fd} is not a valid descriptor.
+
+@end table
+
+@subheading DESCRIPTION:
+
+@code{truncate()} causes the file named by @code{path} or referenced by 
+@code{fd} to be truncated to at most @code{length} bytes in size.  If the  
+file previously was larger than this size, the extra data is lost.  With 
+@code{ftruncate()}, the file must be open for writing.
+
+@subheading NOTES:
+
+NONE
+
+@page
+@subsection truncate - truncate a file to a specified length
+
+@subheading CALLING SEQUENCE:
+
+@ifset is-C
+@example
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+int trunctate(
+  const char *path,
+  size_t      length
+);
+@end example
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset is-Ada
+@end ifset
+
+@subheading STATUS CODES:
+
+@table @b
+@item ENOTDIR
+A component of the path prefix is not a directory.
+
+@item EINVAL
+The pathname contains a character with the high-order bit set.
+
+@item ENAMETOOLONG
+A component of a pathname exceeded 255 characters, or an entire
+path name exceeded 1023 characters.
+
+@item ENOENT
+The named file does not exist.
+
+@item EACCES
+The named file is not writable by the user.
+
+@item EACCES
+Search permission is denied for a component of the path prefix.
+
+@item ELOOP
+Too many symbolic links were encountered in translating the 
+pathname
+
+@item EISDIR
+The named file is a directory.
+
+@item EROFS
+The named file resides on a read-only file system
+
+@item ETXTBSY
+The file is a pure procedure (shared text) file that is being 
+executed
+
+@item EIO
+An I/O error occurred updating the inode.
+
+@item EFAULT
+@code{Path} points outside the process's allocated address space.
+
+@item EBADF
+The @code{fd} is not a valid descriptor.
+
+@end table
+
+@subheading DESCRIPTION:
+
+@code{truncate()} causes the file named by @code{path} or referenced by 
+@code{fd} to be truncated to at most @code{length} bytes in size.  If the  
+file previously was larger than this size, the extra data is lost.  With 
+@code{ftruncate()}, the file must be open for writing.
+
+@subheading NOTES:
+
+NONE
+
+@page
+@subsection pathconf - Gets configuration values for files
+
+@subheading CALLING SEQUENCE:
+
+@ifset is-C
+@example
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+int pathconf(
+  const char *path,
+  int         name
+);
+@end example
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset is-Ada
+@end ifset
+
+@subheading STATUS CODES:
+
+@table @b
+@item EINVAL
+Invalid argument
+
+@item EACCES
+Permission to write the file is denied
+
+@item ENAMETOOLONG
+Length of a filename string exceeds PATH_MAX and _POSIX_NO_TRUNC
+is in effect.
+
+@item ENOENT
+A file or directory does not exist
+
+@item ENOTDIR
+A component of the specified @code{path} was not a directory whan a 
+directory was expected.
+
+@end table
+
+@subheading DESCRIPTION:
+
+@code{pathconf()} gets a value for the configuration option @code{name}
+for the open file descriptor @code{filedes}.
+
+The possible values for @code{name} are:
+
+@table @b
+@item _PC_LINK_MAX
+returns the maximum number of links to the file.  If @code{filedes} or 
+@code{path} refer to a directory, then the value applies to the whole
+directory.  The corresponding macro is @code{_POSIX_LINK_MAX}.
+
+@item _PC_MAX_CANON
+returns  the maximum length of a formatted input line, where @code{filedes}
+or @code{path} must refer to a terminal.  The corresponding macro is 
+@code{_POSIX_MAX_CANON}.
+
+@item _PC_MAX_INPUT
+returns the maximum length of an input line, where @code{filedes} or 
+@code{path} must refer to a terminal.  The corresponding macro is 
+@code{_POSIX_MAX_INPUT}.
+
+@item _PC_NAME_MAX
+returns the maximum length of a filename in the directory @code{path} or 
+@code{filedes}.  The process is allowed to create. The corresponding macro 
+is @code{_POSIX_NAME_MAX}.
+
+@item _PC_PATH_MAX
+returns the maximum length of a relative pathname when @code{path} or 
+@code{filedes} is the current working directory.  The corresponding macro 
+is @code{_POSIX_PATH_MAX}.
+
+@item _PC_PIPE_BUF
+returns the size of the pipe buffer, where @code{filedes} must refer to a 
+pipe or FIFO and @code{path} must refer to a FIFO.  The corresponding macro 
+is @code{_POSIX_PIPE_BUF}.
+
+@item _PC_CHOWN_RESTRICTED
+returns nonzero if the chown(2) call may not be used on this file.  If 
+@code{filedes} or @code{path} refer to a directory, then this applies to all 
+files in that directory.  The corresponding macro is
+@code{_POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED}.
+
+@end table
+
+@subheading NOTES:
+
+Files with name lengths longer than the value returned for @code{name} equal 
+@code{_PC_NAME_MAX} may exist in the given directory.
+
+@page
+@subsection fpathconf - Gets configuration values for files
+
+@subheading CALLING SEQUENCE:
+
+@ifset is-C
+@example
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+int fpathconf(
+  int filedes, 
+  int name
+);
+@end example
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset is-Ada
+@end ifset
+
+@subheading STATUS CODES:
+
+@table @b
+@item EINVAL
+Invalid argument
+
+@item EACCES
+Permission to write the file is denied
+@item ENAMETOOLONG
+
+Length of a filename string exceeds PATH_MAX and _POSIX_NO_TRUNC
+is in effect.
+
+@item ENOENT
+A file or directory does not exist
+
+@item ENOTDIR
+A component of the specified @code{path} was not a directory whan a 
+directory was expected.
+
+@end table
+
+
+@subheading DESCRIPTION:
+
+@code{pathconf()} gets a value for the configuration option @code{name}
+for the open file descriptor @code{filedes}.
+
+The possible values for name are:
+
+@table @b
+@item _PC_LINK_MAX
+returns the maximum number of links to the file.  If @code{filedes} or 
+@code{path} refer to a directory, then the value applies to the whole
+directory.  The corresponding macro is _POSIX_LINK_MAX.
+
+@item _PC_MAX_CANON
+returns  the maximum length of a formatted input line, where @code{filedes}
+or @code{path} must refer to a terminal.  The corresponding macro is 
+@code{_POSIX_MAX_CANON}.
+
+@item _PC_MAX_INPUT
+returns the maximum length of an input line, where @code{filedes} or 
+@code{path} must refer to a terminal.  The corresponding macro is 
+@code{_POSIX_MAX_INPUT}.
+
+@item _PC_NAME_MAX
+returns the maximum length of a filename in the directory @code{path} or 
+@code{filedes}.  The process is allowed to create. The corresponding macro 
+is @code{_POSIX_NAME_MAX}.
+
+@item _PC_PATH_MAX
+returns the maximum length of a relative pathname when @code{path} or 
+@code{filedes} is the current working directory.  The corresponding macro 
+is @code{_POSIX_PATH_MAX}.
+
+@item _PC_PIPE_BUF
+returns the size of the pipe buffer, where @code{filedes} must refer to a 
+pipe or FIFO and @code{path} must refer to a FIFO.  The corresponding macro 
+is @code{_POSIX_PIPE_BUF}.
+
+@item _PC_CHOWN_RESTRICTED
+returns nonzero if the @code{chown()} call may not be used on this file.  If 
+@code{filedes} or @code{path} refer to a directory, then this applies to all 
+files in that directory.  The corresponding macro is
+@code{_POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED}.
+
+@end table
+
+@subheading NOTES:
+
+NONE
+
+@page
+@subsection mknod - create a directory
+
+@subheading CALLING SEQUENCE:
+
+@ifset is-C
+@example
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+
+long mknod(
+  const char *pathname,
+  mode_t      mode,
+  dev_t       dev
+);
+@end example
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset is-Ada
+@end ifset
+
+@subheading STATUS CODES:
+
+@code{mknod} returns zero on success, or -1 if an error occurred (in which case, 
+errno is set appropriately).
+
+@table @b
+@item ENAMETOOLONG
+@code{pathname} was too long.
+
+@item ENOENT
+A directory component in @code{pathname} does not exist or is a dangling symbolic
+link.
+
+@item ENOTDIR
+A component used in the directory @code{pathname} is not, in fact, a directory.
+
+@item ENOMEM
+Insufficient kernel memory was available
+
+@item EROFS
+@code{pathname} refers to a file on a read-only filesystem.
+
+@item ELOOP
+@code{pathname} contains a reference to a circular symbolic link, ie a symbolic
+link whose expansion contains a reference to itself.
+
+@item ENOSPC
+The device containing @code{pathname} has no room for the new node.
+
+@end table
+
+@subheading DESCRIPTION:
+
+@code{mknod} attempts to create a filesystem node (file, device special file or
+named pipe) named @code{pathname}, specified by @code{mode} and @code{dev}.
+
+@code{mode} specifies both the permissions to use and the type of node to be created.
+
+It should be a combination (using bitwise OR) of one of the file types listed
+below and the permissions for the new node.
+
+The permissions are modified by the process's @code{umask} in the usual way: the 
+permissions of the created node are @code{(mode & ~umask)}.
+
+The file type should be one of @code{S_IFREG}, @code{S_IFCHR}, @code{S_IFBLK} and 
+@code{S_IFIFO} to specify a normal file (which will be created empty), character 
+special file, block special file or FIFO (named pipe), respectively, or zero, which 
+will create a normal file.
+
+If the file type is @code{S_IFCHR} or @code{S_IFBLK} then @code{dev} specifies the major  
+and minor numbers of the newly created device special file; otherwise it is ignored.
+
+The newly created node will be owned by the effective uid of the process.  If the
+directory containing the node has the set group id bit set, or if the filesystem
+is mounted with BSD group semantics, the new node will inherit the group ownership
+from its parent directory; otherwise it will be owned by the effective gid of the 
+process.
+
+
+@subheading NOTES:
+
+NONE