diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'readline-6.2/doc/history.info')
| -rw-r--r-- | readline-6.2/doc/history.info | 1401 |
1 files changed, 1401 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/readline-6.2/doc/history.info b/readline-6.2/doc/history.info new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dc5e8a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/readline-6.2/doc/history.info @@ -0,0 +1,1401 @@ +This is history.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.13 from +/usr/src/local/chet/src/bash/readline-src/doc/history.texi. + +This document describes the GNU History library (version 6.2, September +6 2010), a programming tool that provides a consistent user interface +for recalling lines of previously typed input. + + Copyright (C) 1988-2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + + Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this +manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are +preserved on all copies. + + Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this + document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, + Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software + Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts + being "A GNU Manual", and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) + below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled + "GNU Free Documentation License". + + (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: You are free to copy and modify + this GNU manual. Buying copies from GNU Press supports the FSF in + developing GNU and promoting software freedom." + + +INFO-DIR-SECTION Libraries +START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY +* History: (history). The GNU history library API. +END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY + + +File: history.info, Node: Top, Next: Using History Interactively, Up: (dir) + +GNU History Library +******************* + +This document describes the GNU History library, a programming tool that +provides a consistent user interface for recalling lines of previously +typed input. + +* Menu: + +* Using History Interactively:: GNU History User's Manual. +* Programming with GNU History:: GNU History Programmer's Manual. +* GNU Free Documentation License:: License for copying this manual. +* Concept Index:: Index of concepts described in this manual. +* Function and Variable Index:: Index of externally visible functions + and variables. + + +File: history.info, Node: Using History Interactively, Next: Programming with GNU History, Prev: Top, Up: Top + +1 Using History Interactively +***************************** + +This chapter describes how to use the GNU History Library interactively, +from a user's standpoint. It should be considered a user's guide. For +information on using the GNU History Library in your own programs, +*note Programming with GNU History::. + +* Menu: + +* History Interaction:: What it feels like using History as a user. + + +File: history.info, Node: History Interaction, Up: Using History Interactively + +1.1 History Expansion +===================== + +The History library provides a history expansion feature that is similar +to the history expansion provided by `csh'. This section describes the +syntax used to manipulate the history information. + + History expansions introduce words from the history list into the +input stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the arguments +to a previous command into the current input line, or fix errors in +previous commands quickly. + + History expansion takes place in two parts. The first is to +determine which line from the history list should be used during +substitution. The second is to select portions of that line for +inclusion into the current one. The line selected from the history is +called the "event", and the portions of that line that are acted upon +are called "words". Various "modifiers" are available to manipulate +the selected words. The line is broken into words in the same fashion +that Bash does, so that several words surrounded by quotes are +considered one word. History expansions are introduced by the +appearance of the history expansion character, which is `!' by default. + +* Menu: + +* Event Designators:: How to specify which history line to use. +* Word Designators:: Specifying which words are of interest. +* Modifiers:: Modifying the results of substitution. + + +File: history.info, Node: Event Designators, Next: Word Designators, Up: History Interaction + +1.1.1 Event Designators +----------------------- + +An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the +history list. Unless the reference is absolute, events are relative to +the current position in the history list. + +`!' + Start a history substitution, except when followed by a space, tab, + the end of the line, or `='. + +`!N' + Refer to command line N. + +`!-N' + Refer to the command N lines back. + +`!!' + Refer to the previous command. This is a synonym for `!-1'. + +`!STRING' + Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position in + the history list starting with STRING. + +`!?STRING[?]' + Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position in + the history list containing STRING. The trailing `?' may be + omitted if the STRING is followed immediately by a newline. + +`^STRING1^STRING2^' + Quick Substitution. Repeat the last command, replacing STRING1 + with STRING2. Equivalent to `!!:s/STRING1/STRING2/'. + +`!#' + The entire command line typed so far. + + + +File: history.info, Node: Word Designators, Next: Modifiers, Prev: Event Designators, Up: History Interaction + +1.1.2 Word Designators +---------------------- + +Word designators are used to select desired words from the event. A +`:' separates the event specification from the word designator. It may +be omitted if the word designator begins with a `^', `$', `*', `-', or +`%'. Words are numbered from the beginning of the line, with the first +word being denoted by 0 (zero). Words are inserted into the current +line separated by single spaces. + + For example, + +`!!' + designates the preceding command. When you type this, the + preceding command is repeated in toto. + +`!!:$' + designates the last argument of the preceding command. This may be + shortened to `!$'. + +`!fi:2' + designates the second argument of the most recent command starting + with the letters `fi'. + + Here are the word designators: + +`0 (zero)' + The `0'th word. For many applications, this is the command word. + +`N' + The Nth word. + +`^' + The first argument; that is, word 1. + +`$' + The last argument. + +`%' + The word matched by the most recent `?STRING?' search. + +`X-Y' + A range of words; `-Y' abbreviates `0-Y'. + +`*' + All of the words, except the `0'th. This is a synonym for `1-$'. + It is not an error to use `*' if there is just one word in the + event; the empty string is returned in that case. + +`X*' + Abbreviates `X-$' + +`X-' + Abbreviates `X-$' like `X*', but omits the last word. + + + If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the +previous command is used as the event. + + +File: history.info, Node: Modifiers, Prev: Word Designators, Up: History Interaction + +1.1.3 Modifiers +--------------- + +After the optional word designator, you can add a sequence of one or +more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a `:'. + +`h' + Remove a trailing pathname component, leaving only the head. + +`t' + Remove all leading pathname components, leaving the tail. + +`r' + Remove a trailing suffix of the form `.SUFFIX', leaving the + basename. + +`e' + Remove all but the trailing suffix. + +`p' + Print the new command but do not execute it. + +`s/OLD/NEW/' + Substitute NEW for the first occurrence of OLD in the event line. + Any delimiter may be used in place of `/'. The delimiter may be + quoted in OLD and NEW with a single backslash. If `&' appears in + NEW, it is replaced by OLD. A single backslash will quote the + `&'. The final delimiter is optional if it is the last character + on the input line. + +`&' + Repeat the previous substitution. + +`g' +`a' + Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line. Used in + conjunction with `s', as in `gs/OLD/NEW/', or with `&'. + +`G' + Apply the following `s' modifier once to each word in the event. + + + +File: history.info, Node: Programming with GNU History, Next: GNU Free Documentation License, Prev: Using History Interactively, Up: Top + +2 Programming with GNU History +****************************** + +This chapter describes how to interface programs that you write with +the GNU History Library. It should be considered a technical guide. +For information on the interactive use of GNU History, *note Using +History Interactively::. + +* Menu: + +* Introduction to History:: What is the GNU History library for? +* History Storage:: How information is stored. +* History Functions:: Functions that you can use. +* History Variables:: Variables that control behaviour. +* History Programming Example:: Example of using the GNU History Library. + + +File: history.info, Node: Introduction to History, Next: History Storage, Up: Programming with GNU History + +2.1 Introduction to History +=========================== + +Many programs read input from the user a line at a time. The GNU +History library is able to keep track of those lines, associate +arbitrary data with each line, and utilize information from previous +lines in composing new ones. + + The programmer using the History library has available functions for +remembering lines on a history list, associating arbitrary data with a +line, removing lines from the list, searching through the list for a +line containing an arbitrary text string, and referencing any line in +the list directly. In addition, a history "expansion" function is +available which provides for a consistent user interface across +different programs. + + The user using programs written with the History library has the +benefit of a consistent user interface with a set of well-known +commands for manipulating the text of previous lines and using that text +in new commands. The basic history manipulation commands are similar to +the history substitution provided by `csh'. + + If the programmer desires, he can use the Readline library, which +includes some history manipulation by default, and has the added +advantage of command line editing. + + Before declaring any functions using any functionality the History +library provides in other code, an application writer should include +the file `<readline/history.h>' in any file that uses the History +library's features. It supplies extern declarations for all of the +library's public functions and variables, and declares all of the +public data structures. + + +File: history.info, Node: History Storage, Next: History Functions, Prev: Introduction to History, Up: Programming with GNU History + +2.2 History Storage +=================== + +The history list is an array of history entries. A history entry is +declared as follows: + + typedef void *histdata_t; + + typedef struct _hist_entry { + char *line; + char *timestamp; + histdata_t data; + } HIST_ENTRY; + + The history list itself might therefore be declared as + + HIST_ENTRY **the_history_list; + + The state of the History library is encapsulated into a single +structure: + + /* + * A structure used to pass around the current state of the history. + */ + typedef struct _hist_state { + HIST_ENTRY **entries; /* Pointer to the entries themselves. */ + int offset; /* The location pointer within this array. */ + int length; /* Number of elements within this array. */ + int size; /* Number of slots allocated to this array. */ + int flags; + } HISTORY_STATE; + + If the flags member includes `HS_STIFLED', the history has been +stifled. + + +File: history.info, Node: History Functions, Next: History Variables, Prev: History Storage, Up: Programming with GNU History + +2.3 History Functions +===================== + +This section describes the calling sequence for the various functions +exported by the GNU History library. + +* Menu: + +* Initializing History and State Management:: Functions to call when you + want to use history in a + program. +* History List Management:: Functions used to manage the list + of history entries. +* Information About the History List:: Functions returning information about + the history list. +* Moving Around the History List:: Functions used to change the position + in the history list. +* Searching the History List:: Functions to search the history list + for entries containing a string. +* Managing the History File:: Functions that read and write a file + containing the history list. +* History Expansion:: Functions to perform csh-like history + expansion. + + +File: history.info, Node: Initializing History and State Management, Next: History List Management, Up: History Functions + +2.3.1 Initializing History and State Management +----------------------------------------------- + +This section describes functions used to initialize and manage the +state of the History library when you want to use the history functions +in your program. + + -- Function: void using_history (void) + Begin a session in which the history functions might be used. This + initializes the interactive variables. + + -- Function: HISTORY_STATE * history_get_history_state (void) + Return a structure describing the current state of the input + history. + + -- Function: void history_set_history_state (HISTORY_STATE *state) + Set the state of the history list according to STATE. + + +File: history.info, Node: History List Management, Next: Information About the History List, Prev: Initializing History and State Management, Up: History Functions + +2.3.2 History List Management +----------------------------- + +These functions manage individual entries on the history list, or set +parameters managing the list itself. + + -- Function: void add_history (const char *string) + Place STRING at the end of the history list. The associated data + field (if any) is set to `NULL'. + + -- Function: void add_history_time (const char *string) + Change the time stamp associated with the most recent history + entry to STRING. + + -- Function: HIST_ENTRY * remove_history (int which) + Remove history entry at offset WHICH from the history. The + removed element is returned so you can free the line, data, and + containing structure. + + -- Function: histdata_t free_history_entry (HIST_ENTRY *histent) + Free the history entry HISTENT and any history library private + data associated with it. Returns the application-specific data so + the caller can dispose of it. + + -- Function: HIST_ENTRY * replace_history_entry (int which, const char + *line, histdata_t data) + Make the history entry at offset WHICH have LINE and DATA. This + returns the old entry so the caller can dispose of any + application-specific data. In the case of an invalid WHICH, a + `NULL' pointer is returned. + + -- Function: void clear_history (void) + Clear the history list by deleting all the entries. + + -- Function: void stifle_history (int max) + Stifle the history list, remembering only the last MAX entries. + + -- Function: int unstifle_history (void) + Stop stifling the history. This returns the previously-set + maximum number of history entries (as set by `stifle_history()'). + The value is positive if the history was stifled, negative if it + wasn't. + + -- Function: int history_is_stifled (void) + Returns non-zero if the history is stifled, zero if it is not. + + +File: history.info, Node: Information About the History List, Next: Moving Around the History List, Prev: History List Management, Up: History Functions + +2.3.3 Information About the History List +---------------------------------------- + +These functions return information about the entire history list or +individual list entries. + + -- Function: HIST_ENTRY ** history_list (void) + Return a `NULL' terminated array of `HIST_ENTRY *' which is the + current input history. Element 0 of this list is the beginning of + time. If there is no history, return `NULL'. + + -- Function: int where_history (void) + Returns the offset of the current history element. + + -- Function: HIST_ENTRY * current_history (void) + Return the history entry at the current position, as determined by + `where_history()'. If there is no entry there, return a `NULL' + pointer. + + -- Function: HIST_ENTRY * history_get (int offset) + Return the history entry at position OFFSET, starting from + `history_base' (*note History Variables::). If there is no entry + there, or if OFFSET is greater than the history length, return a + `NULL' pointer. + + -- Function: time_t history_get_time (HIST_ENTRY *entry) + Return the time stamp associated with the history entry ENTRY. + + -- Function: int history_total_bytes (void) + Return the number of bytes that the primary history entries are + using. This function returns the sum of the lengths of all the + lines in the history. + + +File: history.info, Node: Moving Around the History List, Next: Searching the History List, Prev: Information About the History List, Up: History Functions + +2.3.4 Moving Around the History List +------------------------------------ + +These functions allow the current index into the history list to be set +or changed. + + -- Function: int history_set_pos (int pos) + Set the current history offset to POS, an absolute index into the + list. Returns 1 on success, 0 if POS is less than zero or greater + than the number of history entries. + + -- Function: HIST_ENTRY * previous_history (void) + Back up the current history offset to the previous history entry, + and return a pointer to that entry. If there is no previous + entry, return a `NULL' pointer. + + -- Function: HIST_ENTRY * next_history (void) + Move the current history offset forward to the next history entry, + and return the a pointer to that entry. If there is no next + entry, return a `NULL' pointer. + + +File: history.info, Node: Searching the History List, Next: Managing the History File, Prev: Moving Around the History List, Up: History Functions + +2.3.5 Searching the History List +-------------------------------- + +These functions allow searching of the history list for entries +containing a specific string. Searching may be performed both forward +and backward from the current history position. The search may be +"anchored", meaning that the string must match at the beginning of the +history entry. + + -- Function: int history_search (const char *string, int direction) + Search the history for STRING, starting at the current history + offset. If DIRECTION is less than 0, then the search is through + previous entries, otherwise through subsequent entries. If STRING + is found, then the current history index is set to that history + entry, and the value returned is the offset in the line of the + entry where STRING was found. Otherwise, nothing is changed, and + a -1 is returned. + + -- Function: int history_search_prefix (const char *string, int + direction) + Search the history for STRING, starting at the current history + offset. The search is anchored: matching lines must begin with + STRING. If DIRECTION is less than 0, then the search is through + previous entries, otherwise through subsequent entries. If STRING + is found, then the current history index is set to that entry, and + the return value is 0. Otherwise, nothing is changed, and a -1 is + returned. + + -- Function: int history_search_pos (const char *string, int + direction, int pos) + Search for STRING in the history list, starting at POS, an + absolute index into the list. If DIRECTION is negative, the search + proceeds backward from POS, otherwise forward. Returns the + absolute index of the history element where STRING was found, or + -1 otherwise. + + +File: history.info, Node: Managing the History File, Next: History Expansion, Prev: Searching the History List, Up: History Functions + +2.3.6 Managing the History File +------------------------------- + +The History library can read the history from and write it to a file. +This section documents the functions for managing a history file. + + -- Function: int read_history (const char *filename) + Add the contents of FILENAME to the history list, a line at a time. + If FILENAME is `NULL', then read from `~/.history'. Returns 0 if + successful, or `errno' if not. + + -- Function: int read_history_range (const char *filename, int from, + int to) + Read a range of lines from FILENAME, adding them to the history + list. Start reading at line FROM and end at TO. If FROM is zero, + start at the beginning. If TO is less than FROM, then read until + the end of the file. If FILENAME is `NULL', then read from + `~/.history'. Returns 0 if successful, or `errno' if not. + + -- Function: int write_history (const char *filename) + Write the current history to FILENAME, overwriting FILENAME if + necessary. If FILENAME is `NULL', then write the history list to + `~/.history'. Returns 0 on success, or `errno' on a read or write + error. + + -- Function: int append_history (int nelements, const char *filename) + Append the last NELEMENTS of the history list to FILENAME. If + FILENAME is `NULL', then append to `~/.history'. Returns 0 on + success, or `errno' on a read or write error. + + -- Function: int history_truncate_file (const char *filename, int + nlines) + Truncate the history file FILENAME, leaving only the last NLINES + lines. If FILENAME is `NULL', then `~/.history' is truncated. + Returns 0 on success, or `errno' on failure. + + +File: history.info, Node: History Expansion, Prev: Managing the History File, Up: History Functions + +2.3.7 History Expansion +----------------------- + +These functions implement history expansion. + + -- Function: int history_expand (char *string, char **output) + Expand STRING, placing the result into OUTPUT, a pointer to a + string (*note History Interaction::). Returns: + `0' + If no expansions took place (or, if the only change in the + text was the removal of escape characters preceding the + history expansion character); + + `1' + if expansions did take place; + + `-1' + if there was an error in expansion; + + `2' + if the returned line should be displayed, but not executed, + as with the `:p' modifier (*note Modifiers::). + + If an error ocurred in expansion, then OUTPUT contains a + descriptive error message. + + -- Function: char * get_history_event (const char *string, int + *cindex, int qchar) + Returns the text of the history event beginning at STRING + + *CINDEX. *CINDEX is modified to point to after the event + specifier. At function entry, CINDEX points to the index into + STRING where the history event specification begins. QCHAR is a + character that is allowed to end the event specification in + addition to the "normal" terminating characters. + + -- Function: char ** history_tokenize (const char *string) + Return an array of tokens parsed out of STRING, much as the shell + might. The tokens are split on the characters in the + HISTORY_WORD_DELIMITERS variable, and shell quoting conventions + are obeyed. + + -- Function: char * history_arg_extract (int first, int last, const + char *string) + Extract a string segment consisting of the FIRST through LAST + arguments present in STRING. Arguments are split using + `history_tokenize'. + + +File: history.info, Node: History Variables, Next: History Programming Example, Prev: History Functions, Up: Programming with GNU History + +2.4 History Variables +===================== + +This section describes the externally-visible variables exported by the +GNU History Library. + + -- Variable: int history_base + The logical offset of the first entry in the history list. + + -- Variable: int history_length + The number of entries currently stored in the history list. + + -- Variable: int history_max_entries + The maximum number of history entries. This must be changed using + `stifle_history()'. + + -- Variable: int history_write_timestamps + If non-zero, timestamps are written to the history file, so they + can be preserved between sessions. The default value is 0, + meaning that timestamps are not saved. + + The current timestamp format uses the value of HISTORY_COMMENT_CHAR + to delimit timestamp entries in the history file. If that + variable does not have a value (the default), timestamps will not + be written. + + -- Variable: char history_expansion_char + The character that introduces a history event. The default is `!'. + Setting this to 0 inhibits history expansion. + + -- Variable: char history_subst_char + The character that invokes word substitution if found at the start + of a line. The default is `^'. + + -- Variable: char history_comment_char + During tokenization, if this character is seen as the first + character of a word, then it and all subsequent characters up to a + newline are ignored, suppressing history expansion for the + remainder of the line. This is disabled by default. + + -- Variable: char * history_word_delimiters + The characters that separate tokens for `history_tokenize()'. The + default value is `" \t\n()<>;&|"'. + + -- Variable: char * history_search_delimiter_chars + The list of additional characters which can delimit a history + search string, in addition to space, TAB, `:' and `?' in the case + of a substring search. The default is empty. + + -- Variable: char * history_no_expand_chars + The list of characters which inhibit history expansion if found + immediately following HISTORY_EXPANSION_CHAR. The default is + space, tab, newline, carriage return, and `='. + + -- Variable: int history_quotes_inhibit_expansion + If non-zero, single-quoted words are not scanned for the history + expansion character. The default value is 0. + + -- Variable: rl_linebuf_func_t * history_inhibit_expansion_function + This should be set to the address of a function that takes two + arguments: a `char *' (STRING) and an `int' index into that string + (I). It should return a non-zero value if the history expansion + starting at STRING[I] should not be performed; zero if the + expansion should be done. It is intended for use by applications + like Bash that use the history expansion character for additional + purposes. By default, this variable is set to `NULL'. + + +File: history.info, Node: History Programming Example, Prev: History Variables, Up: Programming with GNU History + +2.5 History Programming Example +=============================== + +The following program demonstrates simple use of the GNU History +Library. + + #include <stdio.h> + #include <readline/history.h> + + main (argc, argv) + int argc; + char **argv; + { + char line[1024], *t; + int len, done = 0; + + line[0] = 0; + + using_history (); + while (!done) + { + printf ("history$ "); + fflush (stdout); + t = fgets (line, sizeof (line) - 1, stdin); + if (t && *t) + { + len = strlen (t); + if (t[len - 1] == '\n') + t[len - 1] = '\0'; + } + + if (!t) + strcpy (line, "quit"); + + if (line[0]) + { + char *expansion; + int result; + + result = history_expand (line, &expansion); + if (result) + fprintf (stderr, "%s\n", expansion); + + if (result < 0 || result == 2) + { + free (expansion); + continue; + } + + add_history (expansion); + strncpy (line, expansion, sizeof (line) - 1); + free (expansion); + } + + if (strcmp (line, "quit") == 0) + done = 1; + else if (strcmp (line, "save") == 0) + write_history ("history_file"); + else if (strcmp (line, "read") == 0) + read_history ("history_file"); + else if (strcmp (line, "list") == 0) + { + register HIST_ENTRY **the_list; + register int i; + + the_list = history_list (); + if (the_list) + for (i = 0; the_list[i]; i++) + printf ("%d: %s\n", i + history_base, the_list[i]->line); + } + else if (strncmp (line, "delete", 6) == 0) + { + int which; + if ((sscanf (line + 6, "%d", &which)) == 1) + { + HIST_ENTRY *entry = remove_history (which); + if (!entry) + fprintf (stderr, "No such entry %d\n", which); + else + { + free (entry->line); + free (entry); + } + } + else + { + fprintf (stderr, "non-numeric arg given to `delete'\n"); + } + } + } + } + + +File: history.info, Node: GNU Free Documentation License, Next: Concept Index, Prev: Programming with GNU History, Up: Top + +Appendix A GNU Free Documentation License +***************************************** + + Version 1.3, 3 November 2008 + + Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + `http://fsf.org/' + + Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies + of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. + + 0. PREAMBLE + + The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other + functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to + assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, + with or without modifying it, either commercially or + noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the + author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not + being considered responsible for modifications made by others. + + This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative + works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. + It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft + license designed for free software. + + We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for + free software, because free software needs free documentation: a + free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms + that the software does. But this License is not limited to + software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless + of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. + We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is + instruction or reference. + + 1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS + + This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, + that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it + can be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice + grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, + to use that work under the conditions stated herein. The + "Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member + of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you". You + accept the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a + way requiring permission under copyright law. + + A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the + Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with + modifications and/or translated into another language. + + A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section + of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the + publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall + subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could + fall directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document + is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not + explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of + historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or + of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position + regarding them. + + The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose + titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in + the notice that says that the Document is released under this + License. If a section does not fit the above definition of + Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated as Invariant. + The Document may contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document + does not identify any Invariant Sections then there are none. + + The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are + listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice + that says that the Document is released under this License. A + Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may + be at most 25 words. + + A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, + represented in a format whose specification is available to the + general public, that is suitable for revising the document + straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images + composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some + widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to + text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of + formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an + otherwise Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of + markup, has been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent + modification by readers is not Transparent. An image format is + not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text. A + copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque". + + Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain + ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, + SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and + standard-conforming simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for + human modification. Examples of transparent image formats include + PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that + can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or + XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally + available, and the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF + produced by some word processors for output purposes only. + + The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself, + plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the + material this License requires to appear in the title page. For + works in formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title + Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the + work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text. + + The "publisher" means any person or entity that distributes copies + of the Document to the public. + + A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document + whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses + following text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ + stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as + "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".) + To "Preserve the Title" of such a section when you modify the + Document means that it remains a section "Entitled XYZ" according + to this definition. + + The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice + which states that this License applies to the Document. These + Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in + this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other + implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and + has no effect on the meaning of this License. + + 2. VERBATIM COPYING + + You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either + commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the + copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License + applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you + add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You + may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading + or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, + you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you + distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow + the conditions in section 3. + + You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, + and you may publicly display copies. + + 3. COPYING IN QUANTITY + + If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly + have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and + the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must + enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all + these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and + Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly + and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The + front cover must present the full title with all words of the + title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material + on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the + covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and + satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in + other respects. + + If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit + legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit + reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto + adjacent pages. + + If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document + numbering more than 100, you must either include a + machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or + state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network location from + which the general network-using public has access to download + using public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent + copy of the Document, free of added material. If you use the + latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you + begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that + this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated + location until at least one year after the last time you + distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or + retailers) of that edition to the public. + + It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of + the Document well before redistributing any large number of + copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated + version of the Document. + + 4. MODIFICATIONS + + You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document + under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you + release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with + the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus + licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to + whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these + things in the Modified Version: + + A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title + distinct from that of the Document, and from those of + previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed + in the History section of the Document). You may use the + same title as a previous version if the original publisher of + that version gives permission. + + B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or + entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in + the Modified Version, together with at least five of the + principal authors of the Document (all of its principal + authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you + from this requirement. + + C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the + Modified Version, as the publisher. + + D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document. + + E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications + adjacent to the other copyright notices. + + F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license + notice giving the public permission to use the Modified + Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in + the Addendum below. + + G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant + Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's + license notice. + + H. Include an unaltered copy of this License. + + I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, + and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new + authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on + the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled "History" in + the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, + and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, + then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in + the previous sentence. + + J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document + for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and + likewise the network locations given in the Document for + previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in + the "History" section. You may omit a network location for a + work that was published at least four years before the + Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version + it refers to gives permission. + + K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", + Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the + section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor + acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein. + + L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, + unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers + or the equivalent are not considered part of the section + titles. + + M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section + may not be included in the Modified Version. + + N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled + "Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant + Section. + + O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers. + + If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or + appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no + material copied from the Document, you may at your option + designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, + add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified + Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any + other section titles. + + You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains + nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various + parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text + has been approved by an organization as the authoritative + definition of a standard. + + You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, + and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end + of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one + passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be + added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the + Document already includes a cover text for the same cover, + previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity + you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may + replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous + publisher that added the old one. + + The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this + License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to + assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version. + + 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS + + You may combine the Document with other documents released under + this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for + modified versions, provided that you include in the combination + all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, + unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your + combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all + their Warranty Disclaimers. + + The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and + multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single + copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name + but different contents, make the title of each such section unique + by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the + original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a + unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in + the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the + combined work. + + In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled + "History" in the various original documents, forming one section + Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled + "Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You + must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements." + + 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS + + You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other + documents released under this License, and replace the individual + copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy + that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the + rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the + documents in all other respects. + + You may extract a single document from such a collection, and + distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert + a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow + this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of + that document. + + 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS + + A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other + separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of + a storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the + copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the + legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual + works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this + License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which + are not themselves derivative works of the Document. + + If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these + copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half + of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed + on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the + electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic + form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket + the whole aggregate. + + 8. TRANSLATION + + Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may + distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section + 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special + permission from their copyright holders, but you may include + translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the + original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a + translation of this License, and all the license notices in the + Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also + include the original English version of this License and the + original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a + disagreement between the translation and the original version of + this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will + prevail. + + If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements", + "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to + Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the + actual title. + + 9. TERMINATION + + You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document + except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt + otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, + and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. + + However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your + license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) + provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly + and finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the + copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some + reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation. + + Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is + reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the + violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have + received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from + that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days + after your receipt of the notice. + + Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate + the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from + you under this License. If your rights have been terminated and + not permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of + the same material does not give you any rights to use it. + + 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE + + The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of + the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new + versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may + differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See + `http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/'. + + Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version + number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered + version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you + have the option of following the terms and conditions either of + that specified version or of any later version that has been + published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If + the Document does not specify a version number of this License, + you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the + Free Software Foundation. If the Document specifies that a proxy + can decide which future versions of this License can be used, that + proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently + authorizes you to choose that version for the Document. + + 11. RELICENSING + + "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any + World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also + provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A + public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. + A "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration" (or "MMC") contained in the + site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC + site. + + "CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 + license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit + corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco, + California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license + published by that same organization. + + "Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or + in part, as part of another Document. + + An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this + License, and if all works that were first published under this + License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently + incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover + texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior + to November 1, 2008. + + The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the + site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, + 2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing. + + +ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents +==================================================== + +To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of +the License in the document and put the following copyright and license +notices just after the title page: + + Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME. + Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document + under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 + or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; + with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover + Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU + Free Documentation License''. + + If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover +Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this: + + with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with + the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts + being LIST. + + If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other +combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the +situation. + + If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we +recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of +free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to +permit their use in free software. + + +File: history.info, Node: Concept Index, Next: Function and Variable Index, Prev: GNU Free Documentation License, Up: Top + +Appendix B Concept Index +************************ + + +* Menu: + +* anchored search: Searching the History List. + (line 10) +* event designators: Event Designators. (line 6) +* history events: Event Designators. (line 8) +* history expansion: History Interaction. (line 6) +* History Searching: Searching the History List. + (line 6) + + +File: history.info, Node: Function and Variable Index, Prev: Concept Index, Up: Top + +Appendix C Function and Variable Index +************************************** + + +* Menu: + +* add_history: History List Management. + (line 10) +* add_history_time: History List Management. + (line 14) +* append_history: Managing the History File. + (line 29) +* clear_history: History List Management. + (line 35) +* current_history: Information About the History List. + (line 18) +* free_history_entry: History List Management. + (line 23) +* get_history_event: History Expansion. (line 31) +* history_arg_extract: History Expansion. (line 46) +* history_base: History Variables. (line 10) +* history_comment_char: History Variables. (line 38) +* history_expand: History Expansion. (line 9) +* history_expansion_char: History Variables. (line 30) +* history_get: Information About the History List. + (line 23) +* history_get_history_state: Initializing History and State Management. + (line 15) +* history_get_time: Information About the History List. + (line 29) +* history_inhibit_expansion_function: History Variables. (line 62) +* history_is_stifled: History List Management. + (line 47) +* history_length: History Variables. (line 13) +* history_list: Information About the History List. + (line 10) +* history_max_entries: History Variables. (line 16) +* history_no_expand_chars: History Variables. (line 53) +* history_quotes_inhibit_expansion: History Variables. (line 58) +* history_search: Searching the History List. + (line 13) +* history_search_delimiter_chars: History Variables. (line 48) +* history_search_pos: Searching the History List. + (line 33) +* history_search_prefix: Searching the History List. + (line 23) +* history_set_history_state: Initializing History and State Management. + (line 19) +* history_set_pos: Moving Around the History List. + (line 10) +* history_subst_char: History Variables. (line 34) +* history_tokenize: History Expansion. (line 39) +* history_total_bytes: Information About the History List. + (line 32) +* history_truncate_file: Managing the History File. + (line 35) +* history_word_delimiters: History Variables. (line 44) +* history_write_timestamps: History Variables. (line 20) +* next_history: Moving Around the History List. + (line 20) +* previous_history: Moving Around the History List. + (line 15) +* read_history: Managing the History File. + (line 10) +* read_history_range: Managing the History File. + (line 16) +* remove_history: History List Management. + (line 18) +* replace_history_entry: History List Management. + (line 29) +* stifle_history: History List Management. + (line 38) +* unstifle_history: History List Management. + (line 41) +* using_history: Initializing History and State Management. + (line 11) +* where_history: Information About the History List. + (line 15) +* write_history: Managing the History File. + (line 23) + + + +Tag Table: +Node: Top1314 +Node: Using History Interactively1959 +Node: History Interaction2467 +Node: Event Designators3891 +Node: Word Designators5033 +Node: Modifiers6672 +Node: Programming with GNU History7897 +Node: Introduction to History8640 +Node: History Storage10330 +Node: History Functions11465 +Node: Initializing History and State Management12454 +Node: History List Management13266 +Node: Information About the History List15298 +Node: Moving Around the History List16795 +Node: Searching the History List17796 +Node: Managing the History File19728 +Node: History Expansion21548 +Node: History Variables23456 +Node: History Programming Example26488 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License29165 +Node: Concept Index54356 +Node: Function and Variable Index55061 + +End Tag Table |