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+/* poly/solve_cubic.c
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 Brian Gough
+ *
+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at
+ * your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+ * WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+ * General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.
+ */
+
+/* solve_cubic.c - finds the real roots of x^3 + a x^2 + b x + c = 0 */
+
+#include <config.h>
+#include <math.h>
+#include <gsl/gsl_math.h>
+#include <gsl/gsl_poly.h>
+
+#define SWAP(a,b) do { double tmp = b ; b = a ; a = tmp ; } while(0)
+
+int
+gsl_poly_solve_cubic (double a, double b, double c,
+ double *x0, double *x1, double *x2)
+{
+ double q = (a * a - 3 * b);
+ double r = (2 * a * a * a - 9 * a * b + 27 * c);
+
+ double Q = q / 9;
+ double R = r / 54;
+
+ double Q3 = Q * Q * Q;
+ double R2 = R * R;
+
+ double CR2 = 729 * r * r;
+ double CQ3 = 2916 * q * q * q;
+
+ if (R == 0 && Q == 0)
+ {
+ *x0 = - a / 3 ;
+ *x1 = - a / 3 ;
+ *x2 = - a / 3 ;
+ return 3 ;
+ }
+ else if (CR2 == CQ3)
+ {
+ /* this test is actually R2 == Q3, written in a form suitable
+ for exact computation with integers */
+
+ /* Due to finite precision some double roots may be missed, and
+ considered to be a pair of complex roots z = x +/- epsilon i
+ close to the real axis. */
+
+ double sqrtQ = sqrt (Q);
+
+ if (R > 0)
+ {
+ *x0 = -2 * sqrtQ - a / 3;
+ *x1 = sqrtQ - a / 3;
+ *x2 = sqrtQ - a / 3;
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ *x0 = - sqrtQ - a / 3;
+ *x1 = - sqrtQ - a / 3;
+ *x2 = 2 * sqrtQ - a / 3;
+ }
+ return 3 ;
+ }
+ else if (CR2 < CQ3) /* equivalent to R2 < Q3 */
+ {
+ double sqrtQ = sqrt (Q);
+ double sqrtQ3 = sqrtQ * sqrtQ * sqrtQ;
+ double theta = acos (R / sqrtQ3);
+ double norm = -2 * sqrtQ;
+ *x0 = norm * cos (theta / 3) - a / 3;
+ *x1 = norm * cos ((theta + 2.0 * M_PI) / 3) - a / 3;
+ *x2 = norm * cos ((theta - 2.0 * M_PI) / 3) - a / 3;
+
+ /* Sort *x0, *x1, *x2 into increasing order */
+
+ if (*x0 > *x1)
+ SWAP(*x0, *x1) ;
+
+ if (*x1 > *x2)
+ {
+ SWAP(*x1, *x2) ;
+
+ if (*x0 > *x1)
+ SWAP(*x0, *x1) ;
+ }
+
+ return 3;
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ double sgnR = (R >= 0 ? 1 : -1);
+ double A = -sgnR * pow (fabs (R) + sqrt (R2 - Q3), 1.0/3.0);
+ double B = Q / A ;
+ *x0 = A + B - a / 3;
+ return 1;
+ }
+}