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authorJoel Sherrill <joel.sherrill@OARcorp.com>2011-04-08 17:33:11 +0000
committerJoel Sherrill <joel.sherrill@OARcorp.com>2011-04-08 17:33:11 +0000
commit73f643f3f4a55310b2c8c1a9858906b2dd676e72 (patch)
treeb1df97f18dace4a5702b0bc7aafdfee8a2f25ada /gsl-1.9/doc/usage.texi
parentee523abdace8337d05ec4a179fcdf5de3fe0f634 (diff)
2011-04-08 Joel Sherrill <joel.sherrill@oarcorp.com>
* AUTHORS, BUGS, COPYING, ChangeLog, INSTALL, Makefile.am, Makefile.in, NEWS, README, SUPPORT, THANKS, TODO, acconfig.h, aclocal.m4, autogen.sh, config.guess, config.h.in, config.sub, configure, configure.ac, gsl-config.in, gsl-histogram.c, gsl-randist.c, gsl.m4, gsl.pc.in, gsl.spec.in, gsl_machine.h, gsl_math.h, gsl_mode.h, gsl_nan.h, gsl_pow_int.h, gsl_precision.h, gsl_types.h, gsl_version.h.in, install-sh, ltmain.sh, mdate-sh, missing, mkinstalldirs, templates_off.h, templates_on.h, test_gsl_histogram.sh, version.c, blas/ChangeLog, blas/Makefile.am, blas/Makefile.in, blas/TODO, blas/blas.c, blas/gsl_blas.h, blas/gsl_blas_types.h, block/ChangeLog, block/Makefile.am, block/Makefile.in, block/block.c, block/block_source.c, block/file.c, block/fprintf_source.c, block/fwrite_source.c, block/gsl_block.h, block/gsl_block_char.h, block/gsl_block_complex_double.h, block/gsl_block_complex_float.h, block/gsl_block_complex_long_double.h, block/gsl_block_double.h, block/gsl_block_float.h, block/gsl_block_int.h, block/gsl_block_long.h, block/gsl_block_long_double.h, block/gsl_block_short.h, block/gsl_block_uchar.h, block/gsl_block_uint.h, block/gsl_block_ulong.h, block/gsl_block_ushort.h, block/gsl_check_range.h, block/init.c, block/init_source.c, block/test.c, block/test_complex_io.c, block/test_complex_source.c, block/test_io.c, block/test_source.c, bspline/ChangeLog, bspline/Makefile.am, bspline/Makefile.in, bspline/TODO, bspline/bspline.c, bspline/gsl_bspline.h, bspline/test.c, cblas/ChangeLog, cblas/Makefile.am, cblas/Makefile.in, cblas/TODO, cblas/caxpy.c, cblas/cblas.h, cblas/ccopy.c, cblas/cdotc_sub.c, cblas/cdotu_sub.c, cblas/cgbmv.c, cblas/cgemm.c, cblas/cgemv.c, cblas/cgerc.c, cblas/cgeru.c, cblas/chbmv.c, cblas/chemm.c, cblas/chemv.c, cblas/cher.c, cblas/cher2.c, cblas/cher2k.c, cblas/cherk.c, cblas/chpmv.c, cblas/chpr.c, cblas/chpr2.c, cblas/cscal.c, cblas/csscal.c, cblas/cswap.c, cblas/csymm.c, cblas/csyr2k.c, cblas/csyrk.c, cblas/ctbmv.c, cblas/ctbsv.c, cblas/ctpmv.c, cblas/ctpsv.c, cblas/ctrmm.c, cblas/ctrmv.c, cblas/ctrsm.c, cblas/ctrsv.c, cblas/dasum.c, cblas/daxpy.c, cblas/dcopy.c, cblas/ddot.c, cblas/dgbmv.c, cblas/dgemm.c, cblas/dgemv.c, cblas/dger.c, cblas/dnrm2.c, cblas/drot.c, cblas/drotg.c, cblas/drotm.c, cblas/drotmg.c, cblas/dsbmv.c, cblas/dscal.c, cblas/dsdot.c, cblas/dspmv.c, cblas/dspr.c, cblas/dspr2.c, cblas/dswap.c, cblas/dsymm.c, cblas/dsymv.c, cblas/dsyr.c, cblas/dsyr2.c, cblas/dsyr2k.c, cblas/dsyrk.c, cblas/dtbmv.c, cblas/dtbsv.c, cblas/dtpmv.c, cblas/dtpsv.c, cblas/dtrmm.c, cblas/dtrmv.c, cblas/dtrsm.c, cblas/dtrsv.c, cblas/dzasum.c, cblas/dznrm2.c, cblas/gsl_cblas.h, cblas/hypot.c, cblas/icamax.c, cblas/idamax.c, cblas/isamax.c, cblas/izamax.c, cblas/sasum.c, cblas/saxpy.c, cblas/scasum.c, cblas/scnrm2.c, cblas/scopy.c, cblas/sdot.c, cblas/sdsdot.c, cblas/sgbmv.c, cblas/sgemm.c, cblas/sgemv.c, cblas/sger.c, cblas/snrm2.c, cblas/source_asum_c.h, cblas/source_asum_r.h, cblas/source_axpy_c.h, cblas/source_axpy_r.h, cblas/source_copy_c.h, cblas/source_copy_r.h, cblas/source_dot_c.h, cblas/source_dot_r.h, cblas/source_gbmv_c.h, cblas/source_gbmv_r.h, cblas/source_gemm_c.h, cblas/source_gemm_r.h, cblas/source_gemv_c.h, cblas/source_gemv_r.h, cblas/source_ger.h, cblas/source_gerc.h, cblas/source_geru.h, cblas/source_hbmv.h, cblas/source_hemm.h, cblas/source_hemv.h, cblas/source_her.h, cblas/source_her2.h, cblas/source_her2k.h, cblas/source_herk.h, cblas/source_hpmv.h, cblas/source_hpr.h, cblas/source_hpr2.h, cblas/source_iamax_c.h, cblas/source_iamax_r.h, cblas/source_nrm2_c.h, cblas/source_nrm2_r.h, cblas/source_rot.h, cblas/source_rotg.h, cblas/source_rotm.h, cblas/source_rotmg.h, cblas/source_sbmv.h, cblas/source_scal_c.h, cblas/source_scal_c_s.h, cblas/source_scal_r.h, cblas/source_spmv.h, cblas/source_spr.h, cblas/source_spr2.h, cblas/source_swap_c.h, cblas/source_swap_r.h, cblas/source_symm_c.h, cblas/source_symm_r.h, cblas/source_symv.h, cblas/source_syr.h, cblas/source_syr2.h, cblas/source_syr2k_c.h, cblas/source_syr2k_r.h, cblas/source_syrk_c.h, cblas/source_syrk_r.h, cblas/source_tbmv_c.h, cblas/source_tbmv_r.h, cblas/source_tbsv_c.h, cblas/source_tbsv_r.h, cblas/source_tpmv_c.h, cblas/source_tpmv_r.h, cblas/source_tpsv_c.h, cblas/source_tpsv_r.h, cblas/source_trmm_c.h, cblas/source_trmm_r.h, cblas/source_trmv_c.h, cblas/source_trmv_r.h, cblas/source_trsm_c.h, cblas/source_trsm_r.h, cblas/source_trsv_c.h, cblas/source_trsv_r.h, cblas/srot.c, cblas/srotg.c, cblas/srotm.c, cblas/srotmg.c, cblas/ssbmv.c, cblas/sscal.c, cblas/sspmv.c, cblas/sspr.c, cblas/sspr2.c, cblas/sswap.c, cblas/ssymm.c, cblas/ssymv.c, cblas/ssyr.c, cblas/ssyr2.c, cblas/ssyr2k.c, cblas/ssyrk.c, cblas/stbmv.c, cblas/stbsv.c, cblas/stpmv.c, cblas/stpsv.c, cblas/strmm.c, cblas/strmv.c, cblas/strsm.c, cblas/strsv.c, cblas/test.c, cblas/test_amax.c, cblas/test_asum.c, cblas/test_axpy.c, cblas/test_copy.c, cblas/test_dot.c, cblas/test_gbmv.c, cblas/test_gemm.c, cblas/test_gemv.c, cblas/test_ger.c, cblas/test_hbmv.c, cblas/test_hemm.c, cblas/test_hemv.c, cblas/test_her.c, cblas/test_her2.c, cblas/test_her2k.c, cblas/test_herk.c, cblas/test_hpmv.c, cblas/test_hpr.c, cblas/test_hpr2.c, cblas/test_nrm2.c, cblas/test_rot.c, cblas/test_rotg.c, cblas/test_rotm.c, cblas/test_rotmg.c, cblas/test_sbmv.c, cblas/test_scal.c, cblas/test_spmv.c, cblas/test_spr.c, cblas/test_spr2.c, cblas/test_swap.c, cblas/test_symm.c, cblas/test_symv.c, cblas/test_syr.c, cblas/test_syr2.c, cblas/test_syr2k.c, cblas/test_syrk.c, cblas/test_tbmv.c, cblas/test_tbsv.c, cblas/test_tpmv.c, cblas/test_tpsv.c, cblas/test_trmm.c, cblas/test_trmv.c, cblas/test_trsm.c, cblas/test_trsv.c, cblas/tests.c, cblas/tests.h, cblas/xerbla.c, cblas/zaxpy.c, cblas/zcopy.c, cblas/zdotc_sub.c, cblas/zdotu_sub.c, cblas/zdscal.c, cblas/zgbmv.c, cblas/zgemm.c, cblas/zgemv.c, cblas/zgerc.c, cblas/zgeru.c, cblas/zhbmv.c, cblas/zhemm.c, cblas/zhemv.c, cblas/zher.c, cblas/zher2.c, cblas/zher2k.c, cblas/zherk.c, cblas/zhpmv.c, cblas/zhpr.c, cblas/zhpr2.c, cblas/zscal.c, cblas/zswap.c, cblas/zsymm.c, cblas/zsyr2k.c, cblas/zsyrk.c, cblas/ztbmv.c, cblas/ztbsv.c, cblas/ztpmv.c, cblas/ztpsv.c, cblas/ztrmm.c, cblas/ztrmv.c, cblas/ztrsm.c, cblas/ztrsv.c, cdf/ChangeLog, cdf/Makefile.am, cdf/Makefile.in, cdf/beta.c, cdf/beta_inc.c, cdf/betainv.c, cdf/binomial.c, cdf/cauchy.c, cdf/cauchyinv.c, cdf/chisq.c, cdf/chisqinv.c, cdf/error.h, cdf/exponential.c, cdf/exponentialinv.c, cdf/exppow.c, cdf/fdist.c, cdf/fdistinv.c, cdf/flat.c, cdf/flatinv.c, cdf/gamma.c, cdf/gammainv.c, cdf/gauss.c, cdf/gaussinv.c, cdf/geometric.c, cdf/gsl_cdf.h, cdf/gumbel1.c, cdf/gumbel1inv.c, cdf/gumbel2.c, cdf/gumbel2inv.c, cdf/hypergeometric.c, cdf/laplace.c, cdf/laplaceinv.c, cdf/logistic.c, cdf/logisticinv.c, cdf/lognormal.c, cdf/lognormalinv.c, cdf/nbinomial.c, cdf/pareto.c, cdf/paretoinv.c, cdf/pascal.c, cdf/poisson.c, cdf/rat_eval.h, cdf/rayleigh.c, cdf/rayleighinv.c, cdf/tdist.c, cdf/tdistinv.c, cdf/test.c, cdf/test_auto.c, cdf/weibull.c, cdf/weibullinv.c, cheb/ChangeLog, cheb/Makefile.am, cheb/Makefile.in, cheb/deriv.c, cheb/eval.c, cheb/gsl_chebyshev.h, cheb/init.c, cheb/integ.c, cheb/test.c, combination/ChangeLog, combination/Makefile.am, combination/Makefile.in, combination/combination.c, combination/file.c, combination/gsl_combination.h, combination/init.c, combination/test.c, complex/ChangeLog, complex/Makefile.am, complex/Makefile.in, complex/TODO, complex/gsl_complex.h, complex/gsl_complex_math.h, complex/math.c, complex/results.h, complex/results1.h, complex/results_real.h, complex/test.c, const/ChangeLog, const/Makefile.am, const/Makefile.in, const/TODO, const/gsl_const.h, const/gsl_const_cgs.h, const/gsl_const_cgsm.h, const/gsl_const_mks.h, const/gsl_const_mksa.h, const/gsl_const_num.h, const/test.c, deriv/ChangeLog, deriv/Makefile.am, deriv/Makefile.in, deriv/deriv.c, deriv/gsl_deriv.h, deriv/test.c, dht/ChangeLog, dht/Makefile.am, dht/Makefile.in, dht/dht.c, dht/gsl_dht.h, dht/test.c, diff/ChangeLog, diff/Makefile.am, diff/Makefile.in, diff/diff.c, diff/gsl_diff.h, diff/test.c, doc/12-cities.eps, doc/ChangeLog, doc/Makefile.am, doc/Makefile.in, doc/algorithm.sty, doc/algorithmic.sty, doc/autoconf.texi, doc/blas.texi, doc/bspline.eps, doc/bspline.texi, doc/calc.sty, doc/cblas.texi, doc/cheb.eps, doc/cheb.texi, doc/combination.texi, doc/complex.texi, doc/const.texi, doc/debug.texi, doc/dht.texi, doc/diff.texi, doc/dwt-orig.eps, doc/dwt-samp.eps, doc/dwt.texi, doc/eigen.texi, doc/err.texi, doc/fdl.texi, doc/fft-complex-radix2-f.eps, doc/fft-complex-radix2-t.eps, doc/fft-complex-radix2.eps, doc/fft-real-mixedradix.eps, doc/fft.texi, doc/fftalgorithms.bib, doc/fftalgorithms.tex, doc/final-route.eps, doc/fit-exp.eps, doc/fit-wlinear.eps, doc/fit-wlinear2.eps, doc/fitting.texi, doc/freemanuals.texi, doc/gpl.texi, doc/gsl-config.1, doc/gsl-design.texi, doc/gsl-histogram.1, doc/gsl-randist.1, doc/gsl-ref.info, doc/gsl-ref.info-1, doc/gsl-ref.info-2, doc/gsl-ref.info-3, doc/gsl-ref.info-4, doc/gsl-ref.info-5, doc/gsl-ref.info-6, doc/gsl-ref.texi, doc/gsl.3, doc/histogram.eps, doc/histogram.texi, doc/histogram2d.eps, doc/ieee754.texi, doc/initial-route.eps, doc/integration.texi, doc/interp.texi, doc/interp2.eps, doc/interpp2.eps, doc/intro.texi, doc/landau.dat, doc/linalg.texi, doc/math.texi, doc/mdate-sh, doc/min-interval.eps, doc/min.texi, doc/montecarlo.texi, doc/multifit.texi, doc/multimin.eps, doc/multimin.texi, doc/multiroots.texi, doc/ntuple.eps, doc/ntuple.texi, doc/ode-initval.texi, doc/permutation.texi, doc/poly.texi, doc/qrng.eps, doc/qrng.texi, doc/rand-bernoulli.tex, doc/rand-beta.tex, doc/rand-binomial.tex, doc/rand-bivariate-gaussian.tex, doc/rand-cauchy.tex, doc/rand-chisq.tex, doc/rand-erlang.tex, doc/rand-exponential.tex, doc/rand-exppow.tex, doc/rand-fdist.tex, doc/rand-flat.tex, doc/rand-gamma.tex, doc/rand-gaussian-tail.tex, doc/rand-gaussian.tex, doc/rand-geometric.tex, doc/rand-gumbel.tex, doc/rand-gumbel1.tex, doc/rand-gumbel2.tex, doc/rand-hypergeometric.tex, doc/rand-landau.tex, doc/rand-laplace.tex, doc/rand-levy.tex, doc/rand-levyskew.tex, doc/rand-logarithmic.tex, doc/rand-logistic.tex, doc/rand-lognormal.tex, doc/rand-nbinomial.tex, doc/rand-pareto.tex, doc/rand-pascal.tex, doc/rand-poisson.tex, doc/rand-rayleigh-tail.tex, doc/rand-rayleigh.tex, doc/rand-tdist.tex, doc/rand-weibull.tex, doc/randist.texi, doc/random-walk.tex, doc/randplots.gnp, doc/rng.texi, doc/roots-bisection.eps, doc/roots-false-position.eps, doc/roots-newtons-method.eps, doc/roots-secant-method.eps, doc/roots.texi, doc/siman-energy.eps, doc/siman-test.eps, doc/siman.texi, doc/sort.texi, doc/specfunc-airy.texi, doc/specfunc-bessel.texi, doc/specfunc-clausen.texi, doc/specfunc-coulomb.texi, doc/specfunc-coupling.texi, doc/specfunc-dawson.texi, doc/specfunc-debye.texi, doc/specfunc-dilog.texi, doc/specfunc-elementary.texi, doc/specfunc-ellint.texi, doc/specfunc-elljac.texi, doc/specfunc-erf.texi, doc/specfunc-exp.texi, doc/specfunc-expint.texi, doc/specfunc-fermi-dirac.texi, doc/specfunc-gamma.texi, doc/specfunc-gegenbauer.texi, doc/specfunc-hyperg.texi, doc/specfunc-laguerre.texi, doc/specfunc-lambert.texi, doc/specfunc-legendre.texi, doc/specfunc-log.texi, doc/specfunc-mathieu.texi, doc/specfunc-pow-int.texi, doc/specfunc-psi.texi, doc/specfunc-synchrotron.texi, doc/specfunc-transport.texi, doc/specfunc-trig.texi, doc/specfunc-zeta.texi, doc/specfunc.texi, doc/stamp-vti, doc/statistics.texi, doc/sum.texi, doc/texinfo.tex, doc/usage.texi, doc/vdp.eps, doc/vectors.texi, doc/version-ref.texi, doc/examples/blas.c, doc/examples/blas.out, doc/examples/block.c, doc/examples/block.out, doc/examples/bspline.c, doc/examples/cblas.c, doc/examples/cblas.out, doc/examples/cdf.c, doc/examples/cdf.out, doc/examples/cheb.c, doc/examples/combination.c, doc/examples/combination.out, doc/examples/const.c, doc/examples/const.out, doc/examples/demo_fn.c, doc/examples/demo_fn.h, doc/examples/diff.c, doc/examples/diff.out, doc/examples/dwt.c, doc/examples/dwt.dat, doc/examples/ecg.dat, doc/examples/eigen.c, doc/examples/eigen_nonsymm.c, doc/examples/expfit.c, doc/examples/fft.c, doc/examples/fftmr.c, doc/examples/fftreal.c, doc/examples/fitting.c, doc/examples/fitting2.c, doc/examples/fitting3.c, doc/examples/histogram.c, doc/examples/histogram2d.c, doc/examples/ieee.c, doc/examples/ieeeround.c, doc/examples/integration.c, doc/examples/integration.out, doc/examples/interp.c, doc/examples/interpp.c, doc/examples/intro.c, doc/examples/intro.out, doc/examples/linalglu.c, doc/examples/linalglu.out, doc/examples/matrix.c, doc/examples/matrixw.c, doc/examples/min.c, doc/examples/min.out, doc/examples/monte.c, doc/examples/nlfit.c, doc/examples/ntupler.c, doc/examples/ntuplew.c, doc/examples/ode-initval.c, doc/examples/odefixed.c, doc/examples/permseq.c, doc/examples/permshuffle.c, doc/examples/polyroots.c, doc/examples/polyroots.out, doc/examples/qrng.c, doc/examples/randpoisson.2.out, doc/examples/randpoisson.c, doc/examples/randpoisson.out, doc/examples/randwalk.c, doc/examples/rng.c, doc/examples/rng.out, doc/examples/rngunif.2.out, doc/examples/rngunif.c, doc/examples/rngunif.out, doc/examples/rootnewt.c, doc/examples/roots.c, doc/examples/siman.c, doc/examples/sortsmall.c, doc/examples/sortsmall.out, doc/examples/specfun.c, doc/examples/specfun.out, doc/examples/specfun_e.c, doc/examples/specfun_e.out, doc/examples/stat.c, doc/examples/stat.out, doc/examples/statsort.c, doc/examples/statsort.out, doc/examples/sum.c, doc/examples/sum.out, doc/examples/vector.c, doc/examples/vectorr.c, doc/examples/vectorview.c, doc/examples/vectorview.out, doc/examples/vectorw.c, eigen/ChangeLog, eigen/Makefile.am, eigen/Makefile.in, eigen/TODO, eigen/francis.c, eigen/gsl_eigen.h, eigen/herm.c, eigen/hermv.c, eigen/jacobi.c, eigen/nonsymm.c, eigen/nonsymmv.c, eigen/qrstep.c, eigen/schur.c, eigen/schur.h, eigen/sort.c, eigen/symm.c, eigen/symmv.c, eigen/test.c, err/ChangeLog, 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vector/gsl_vector_complex_float.h, vector/gsl_vector_complex_long_double.h, vector/gsl_vector_double.h, vector/gsl_vector_float.h, vector/gsl_vector_int.h, vector/gsl_vector_long.h, vector/gsl_vector_long_double.h, vector/gsl_vector_short.h, vector/gsl_vector_uchar.h, vector/gsl_vector_uint.h, vector/gsl_vector_ulong.h, vector/gsl_vector_ushort.h, vector/init.c, vector/init_source.c, vector/minmax.c, vector/minmax_source.c, vector/oper.c, vector/oper_source.c, vector/prop.c, vector/prop_source.c, vector/reim.c, vector/reim_source.c, vector/subvector.c, vector/subvector_source.c, vector/swap.c, vector/swap_source.c, vector/test.c, vector/test_complex_source.c, vector/test_source.c, vector/test_static.c, vector/vector.c, vector/vector_source.c, vector/view.c, vector/view.h, vector/view_source.c, wavelet/ChangeLog, wavelet/Makefile.am, wavelet/Makefile.in, wavelet/TODO, wavelet/bspline.c, wavelet/daubechies.c, wavelet/dwt.c, wavelet/gsl_wavelet.h, wavelet/gsl_wavelet2d.h, wavelet/haar.c, wavelet/test.c, wavelet/wavelet.c: New files.
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+@cindex standards conformance, ANSI C
+@cindex ANSI C, use of
+@cindex C extensions, compatible use of
+@cindex compatibility
+This chapter describes how to compile programs that use GSL, and
+introduces its conventions.
+
+@menu
+* An Example Program::
+* Compiling and Linking::
+* Shared Libraries::
+* ANSI C Compliance::
+* Inline functions::
+* Long double::
+* Portability functions::
+* Alternative optimized functions::
+* Support for different numeric types::
+* Compatibility with C++::
+* Aliasing of arrays::
+* Thread-safety::
+* Deprecated Functions::
+* Code Reuse::
+@end menu
+
+@node An Example Program
+@section An Example Program
+
+The following short program demonstrates the use of the library by
+computing the value of the Bessel function @math{J_0(x)} for @math{x=5},
+
+@example
+@verbatiminclude examples/intro.c
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The output is shown below, and should be correct to double-precision
+accuracy,
+
+@example
+@verbatiminclude examples/intro.out
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The steps needed to compile this program are described in the following
+sections.
+
+@node Compiling and Linking
+@section Compiling and Linking
+@cindex compiling programs, include paths
+@cindex including GSL header files
+@cindex header files, including
+The library header files are installed in their own @file{gsl}
+directory. You should write any preprocessor include statements with a
+@file{gsl/} directory prefix thus,
+
+@example
+#include <gsl/gsl_math.h>
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+If the directory is not installed on the standard search path of your
+compiler you will also need to provide its location to the preprocessor
+as a command line flag. The default location of the @file{gsl}
+directory is @file{/usr/local/include/gsl}. A typical compilation
+command for a source file @file{example.c} with the GNU C compiler
+@code{gcc} is,
+
+@example
+$ gcc -Wall -I/usr/local/include -c example.c
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+This results in an object file @file{example.o}. The default
+include path for @code{gcc} searches @file{/usr/local/include} automatically so
+the @code{-I} option can actually be omitted when GSL is installed
+in its default location.
+
+@menu
+* Linking programs with the library::
+* Linking with an alternative BLAS library::
+@end menu
+
+@node Linking programs with the library
+@subsection Linking programs with the library
+@cindex compiling programs, library paths
+@cindex linking with GSL libraries
+@cindex libraries, linking with
+The library is installed as a single file, @file{libgsl.a}. A shared
+version of the library @file{libgsl.so} is also installed on systems
+that support shared libraries. The default location of these files is
+@file{/usr/local/lib}. If this directory is not on the standard search
+path of your linker you will also need to provide its location as a
+command line flag.
+
+To link against the library you need to specify
+both the main library and a supporting @sc{cblas} library, which
+provides standard basic linear algebra subroutines. A suitable
+@sc{cblas} implementation is provided in the library
+@file{libgslcblas.a} if your system does not provide one. The following
+example shows how to link an application with the library,
+
+@example
+$ gcc -L/usr/local/lib example.o -lgsl -lgslcblas -lm
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The default library path for @code{gcc} searches @file{/usr/local/lib}
+automatically so the @code{-L} option can be omitted when GSL is
+installed in its default location.
+
+@node Linking with an alternative BLAS library
+@subsection Linking with an alternative BLAS library
+
+The following command line shows how you would link the same application
+with an alternative @sc{cblas} library called @file{libcblas},
+
+@example
+$ gcc example.o -lgsl -lcblas -lm
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+For the best performance an optimized platform-specific @sc{cblas}
+library should be used for @code{-lcblas}. The library must conform to
+the @sc{cblas} standard. The @sc{atlas} package provides a portable
+high-performance @sc{blas} library with a @sc{cblas} interface. It is
+free software and should be installed for any work requiring fast vector
+and matrix operations. The following command line will link with the
+@sc{atlas} library and its @sc{cblas} interface,
+
+@example
+$ gcc example.o -lgsl -lcblas -latlas -lm
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+For more information see @ref{BLAS Support}.
+
+@comment The program @code{gsl-config} provides information on the local version
+@comment of the library. For example, the following command shows that the
+@comment library has been installed under the directory @file{/usr/local},
+
+@comment @example
+@comment $ gsl-config --prefix
+@comment /usr/local
+@comment @end example
+@comment @noindent
+@comment Further information is available using the command @code{gsl-config --help}.
+
+@node Shared Libraries
+@section Shared Libraries
+@cindex shared libraries
+@cindex libraries, shared
+@cindex LD_LIBRARY_PATH
+To run a program linked with the shared version of the library the
+operating system must be able to locate the corresponding @file{.so}
+file at runtime. If the library cannot be found, the following error
+will occur:
+
+@example
+$ ./a.out
+./a.out: error while loading shared libraries:
+libgsl.so.0: cannot open shared object file: No such
+file or directory
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+To avoid this error, define the shell variable @code{LD_LIBRARY_PATH} to
+include the directory where the library is installed.
+
+For example, in the Bourne shell (@code{/bin/sh} or @code{/bin/bash}),
+the library search path can be set with the following commands:
+
+@example
+$ LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/lib:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH
+$ export LD_LIBRARY_PATH
+$ ./example
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+In the C-shell (@code{/bin/csh} or @code{/bin/tcsh}) the equivalent
+command is,
+
+@example
+% setenv LD_LIBRARY_PATH /usr/local/lib:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The standard prompt for the C-shell in the example above is the percent
+character @samp{%}, and should not be typed as part of the command.
+
+To save retyping these commands each session they should be placed in an
+individual or system-wide login file.
+
+To compile a statically linked version of the program, use the
+@code{-static} flag in @code{gcc},
+
+@example
+$ gcc -static example.o -lgsl -lgslcblas -lm
+@end example
+
+@node ANSI C Compliance
+@section ANSI C Compliance
+
+The library is written in ANSI C and is intended to conform to the ANSI
+C standard (C89). It should be portable to any system with a working
+ANSI C compiler.
+
+The library does not rely on any non-ANSI extensions in the interface it
+exports to the user. Programs you write using GSL can be ANSI
+compliant. Extensions which can be used in a way compatible with pure
+ANSI C are supported, however, via conditional compilation. This allows
+the library to take advantage of compiler extensions on those platforms
+which support them.
+
+When an ANSI C feature is known to be broken on a particular system the
+library will exclude any related functions at compile-time. This should
+make it impossible to link a program that would use these functions and
+give incorrect results.
+
+To avoid namespace conflicts all exported function names and variables
+have the prefix @code{gsl_}, while exported macros have the prefix
+@code{GSL_}.
+
+@node Inline functions
+@section Inline functions
+
+@cindex inline functions
+@cindex HAVE_INLINE
+The @code{inline} keyword is not part of the original ANSI C standard
+(C89) and the library does not export any inline function definitions by
+default. However, the library provides optional inline versions of
+performance-critical functions by conditional compilation. The inline
+versions of these functions can be included by defining the macro
+@code{HAVE_INLINE} when compiling an application,
+
+@example
+$ gcc -Wall -c -DHAVE_INLINE example.c
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+If you use @code{autoconf} this macro can be defined automatically. If
+you do not define the macro @code{HAVE_INLINE} then the slower
+non-inlined versions of the functions will be used instead.
+
+Note that the actual usage of the inline keyword is @code{extern
+inline}, which eliminates unnecessary function definitions in @sc{gcc}.
+If the form @code{extern inline} causes problems with other compilers a
+stricter autoconf test can be used, see @ref{Autoconf Macros}.
+
+@node Long double
+@section Long double
+@cindex long double
+The extended numerical type @code{long double} is part of the ANSI C
+standard and should be available in every modern compiler. However, the
+precision of @code{long double} is platform dependent, and this should
+be considered when using it. The IEEE standard only specifies the
+minimum precision of extended precision numbers, while the precision of
+@code{double} is the same on all platforms.
+
+In some system libraries the @code{stdio.h} formatted input/output
+functions @code{printf} and @code{scanf} are not implemented correctly
+for @code{long double}. Undefined or incorrect results are avoided by
+testing these functions during the @code{configure} stage of library
+compilation and eliminating certain GSL functions which depend on them
+if necessary. The corresponding line in the @code{configure} output
+looks like this,
+
+@example
+checking whether printf works with long double... no
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+Consequently when @code{long double} formatted input/output does not
+work on a given system it should be impossible to link a program which
+uses GSL functions dependent on this.
+
+If it is necessary to work on a system which does not support formatted
+@code{long double} input/output then the options are to use binary
+formats or to convert @code{long double} results into @code{double} for
+reading and writing.
+
+@node Portability functions
+@section Portability functions
+
+To help in writing portable applications GSL provides some
+implementations of functions that are found in other libraries, such as
+the BSD math library. You can write your application to use the native
+versions of these functions, and substitute the GSL versions via a
+preprocessor macro if they are unavailable on another platform.
+
+For example, after determining whether the BSD function @code{hypot} is
+available you can include the following macro definitions in a file
+@file{config.h} with your application,
+
+@example
+/* Substitute gsl_hypot for missing system hypot */
+
+#ifndef HAVE_HYPOT
+#define hypot gsl_hypot
+#endif
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The application source files can then use the include command
+@code{#include <config.h>} to replace each occurrence of @code{hypot} by
+@code{gsl_hypot} when @code{hypot} is not available. This substitution
+can be made automatically if you use @code{autoconf}, see @ref{Autoconf
+Macros}.
+
+In most circumstances the best strategy is to use the native versions of
+these functions when available, and fall back to GSL versions otherwise,
+since this allows your application to take advantage of any
+platform-specific optimizations in the system library. This is the
+strategy used within GSL itself.
+
+@node Alternative optimized functions
+@section Alternative optimized functions
+
+@cindex alternative optimized functions
+@cindex optimized functions, alternatives
+The main implementation of some functions in the library will not be
+optimal on all architectures. For example, there are several ways to
+compute a Gaussian random variate and their relative speeds are
+platform-dependent. In cases like this the library provides alternative
+implementations of these functions with the same interface. If you
+write your application using calls to the standard implementation you
+can select an alternative version later via a preprocessor definition.
+It is also possible to introduce your own optimized functions this way
+while retaining portability. The following lines demonstrate the use of
+a platform-dependent choice of methods for sampling from the Gaussian
+distribution,
+
+@example
+#ifdef SPARC
+#define gsl_ran_gaussian gsl_ran_gaussian_ratio_method
+#endif
+#ifdef INTEL
+#define gsl_ran_gaussian my_gaussian
+#endif
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+These lines would be placed in the configuration header file
+@file{config.h} of the application, which should then be included by all
+the source files. Note that the alternative implementations will not
+produce bit-for-bit identical results, and in the case of random number
+distributions will produce an entirely different stream of random
+variates.
+
+@node Support for different numeric types
+@section Support for different numeric types
+
+Many functions in the library are defined for different numeric types.
+This feature is implemented by varying the name of the function with a
+type-related modifier---a primitive form of C++ templates. The
+modifier is inserted into the function name after the initial module
+prefix. The following table shows the function names defined for all
+the numeric types of an imaginary module @code{gsl_foo} with function
+@code{fn},
+
+@example
+gsl_foo_fn double
+gsl_foo_long_double_fn long double
+gsl_foo_float_fn float
+gsl_foo_long_fn long
+gsl_foo_ulong_fn unsigned long
+gsl_foo_int_fn int
+gsl_foo_uint_fn unsigned int
+gsl_foo_short_fn short
+gsl_foo_ushort_fn unsigned short
+gsl_foo_char_fn char
+gsl_foo_uchar_fn unsigned char
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The normal numeric precision @code{double} is considered the default and
+does not require a suffix. For example, the function
+@code{gsl_stats_mean} computes the mean of double precision numbers,
+while the function @code{gsl_stats_int_mean} computes the mean of
+integers.
+
+A corresponding scheme is used for library defined types, such as
+@code{gsl_vector} and @code{gsl_matrix}. In this case the modifier is
+appended to the type name. For example, if a module defines a new
+type-dependent struct or typedef @code{gsl_foo} it is modified for other
+types in the following way,
+
+@example
+gsl_foo double
+gsl_foo_long_double long double
+gsl_foo_float float
+gsl_foo_long long
+gsl_foo_ulong unsigned long
+gsl_foo_int int
+gsl_foo_uint unsigned int
+gsl_foo_short short
+gsl_foo_ushort unsigned short
+gsl_foo_char char
+gsl_foo_uchar unsigned char
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+When a module contains type-dependent definitions the library provides
+individual header files for each type. The filenames are modified as
+shown in the below. For convenience the default header includes the
+definitions for all the types. To include only the double precision
+header file, or any other specific type, use its individual filename.
+
+@example
+#include <gsl/gsl_foo.h> All types
+#include <gsl/gsl_foo_double.h> double
+#include <gsl/gsl_foo_long_double.h> long double
+#include <gsl/gsl_foo_float.h> float
+#include <gsl/gsl_foo_long.h> long
+#include <gsl/gsl_foo_ulong.h> unsigned long
+#include <gsl/gsl_foo_int.h> int
+#include <gsl/gsl_foo_uint.h> unsigned int
+#include <gsl/gsl_foo_short.h> short
+#include <gsl/gsl_foo_ushort.h> unsigned short
+#include <gsl/gsl_foo_char.h> char
+#include <gsl/gsl_foo_uchar.h> unsigned char
+@end example
+
+@node Compatibility with C++
+@section Compatibility with C++
+@cindex C++, compatibility
+The library header files automatically define functions to have
+@code{extern "C"} linkage when included in C++ programs. This allows
+the functions to be called directly from C++.
+
+To use C++ exception handling within user-defined functions passed to
+the library as parameters, the library must be built with the
+additional @code{CFLAGS} compilation option @option{-fexceptions}.
+
+@node Aliasing of arrays
+@section Aliasing of arrays
+@cindex aliasing of arrays
+The library assumes that arrays, vectors and matrices passed as
+modifiable arguments are not aliased and do not overlap with each other.
+This removes the need for the library to handle overlapping memory
+regions as a special case, and allows additional optimizations to be
+used. If overlapping memory regions are passed as modifiable arguments
+then the results of such functions will be undefined. If the arguments
+will not be modified (for example, if a function prototype declares them
+as @code{const} arguments) then overlapping or aliased memory regions
+can be safely used.
+
+@node Thread-safety
+@section Thread-safety
+
+The library can be used in multi-threaded programs. All the functions
+are thread-safe, in the sense that they do not use static variables.
+Memory is always associated with objects and not with functions. For
+functions which use @dfn{workspace} objects as temporary storage the
+workspaces should be allocated on a per-thread basis. For functions
+which use @dfn{table} objects as read-only memory the tables can be used
+by multiple threads simultaneously. Table arguments are always declared
+@code{const} in function prototypes, to indicate that they may be
+safely accessed by different threads.
+
+There are a small number of static global variables which are used to
+control the overall behavior of the library (e.g. whether to use
+range-checking, the function to call on fatal error, etc). These
+variables are set directly by the user, so they should be initialized
+once at program startup and not modified by different threads.
+
+@node Deprecated Functions
+@section Deprecated Functions
+@cindex deprecated functions
+
+From time to time, it may be necessary for the definitions of some
+functions to be altered or removed from the library. In these
+circumstances the functions will first be declared @dfn{deprecated} and
+then removed from subsequent versions of the library. Functions that
+are deprecated can be disabled in the current release by setting the
+preprocessor definition @code{GSL_DISABLE_DEPRECATED}. This allows
+existing code to be tested for forwards compatibility.
+
+@node Code Reuse
+@section Code Reuse
+@cindex code reuse in applications
+@cindex source code, reuse in applications
+Where possible the routines in the library have been written to avoid
+dependencies between modules and files. This should make it possible to
+extract individual functions for use in your own applications, without
+needing to have the whole library installed. You may need to define
+certain macros such as @code{GSL_ERROR} and remove some @code{#include}
+statements in order to compile the files as standalone units. Reuse of
+the library code in this way is encouraged, subject to the terms of the
+GNU General Public License.