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authorJoel Sherrill <joel.sherrill@OARcorp.com>2011-04-08 17:33:11 +0000
committerJoel Sherrill <joel.sherrill@OARcorp.com>2011-04-08 17:33:11 +0000
commit73f643f3f4a55310b2c8c1a9858906b2dd676e72 (patch)
treeb1df97f18dace4a5702b0bc7aafdfee8a2f25ada /gsl-1.9/doc/complex.texi
parentee523abdace8337d05ec4a179fcdf5de3fe0f634 (diff)
2011-04-08 Joel Sherrill <joel.sherrill@oarcorp.com>
* AUTHORS, BUGS, COPYING, ChangeLog, INSTALL, Makefile.am, Makefile.in, NEWS, README, SUPPORT, THANKS, TODO, acconfig.h, aclocal.m4, autogen.sh, config.guess, config.h.in, config.sub, configure, configure.ac, gsl-config.in, gsl-histogram.c, gsl-randist.c, gsl.m4, gsl.pc.in, gsl.spec.in, gsl_machine.h, gsl_math.h, gsl_mode.h, gsl_nan.h, gsl_pow_int.h, gsl_precision.h, gsl_types.h, gsl_version.h.in, install-sh, ltmain.sh, mdate-sh, missing, mkinstalldirs, templates_off.h, templates_on.h, test_gsl_histogram.sh, version.c, blas/ChangeLog, blas/Makefile.am, blas/Makefile.in, blas/TODO, blas/blas.c, blas/gsl_blas.h, blas/gsl_blas_types.h, block/ChangeLog, block/Makefile.am, block/Makefile.in, block/block.c, block/block_source.c, block/file.c, block/fprintf_source.c, block/fwrite_source.c, block/gsl_block.h, block/gsl_block_char.h, block/gsl_block_complex_double.h, block/gsl_block_complex_float.h, block/gsl_block_complex_long_double.h, block/gsl_block_double.h, block/gsl_block_float.h, block/gsl_block_int.h, block/gsl_block_long.h, block/gsl_block_long_double.h, block/gsl_block_short.h, block/gsl_block_uchar.h, block/gsl_block_uint.h, block/gsl_block_ulong.h, block/gsl_block_ushort.h, block/gsl_check_range.h, block/init.c, block/init_source.c, block/test.c, block/test_complex_io.c, block/test_complex_source.c, block/test_io.c, block/test_source.c, bspline/ChangeLog, bspline/Makefile.am, bspline/Makefile.in, bspline/TODO, bspline/bspline.c, bspline/gsl_bspline.h, bspline/test.c, cblas/ChangeLog, cblas/Makefile.am, cblas/Makefile.in, cblas/TODO, cblas/caxpy.c, cblas/cblas.h, cblas/ccopy.c, cblas/cdotc_sub.c, cblas/cdotu_sub.c, cblas/cgbmv.c, cblas/cgemm.c, cblas/cgemv.c, cblas/cgerc.c, cblas/cgeru.c, cblas/chbmv.c, cblas/chemm.c, cblas/chemv.c, cblas/cher.c, cblas/cher2.c, cblas/cher2k.c, cblas/cherk.c, cblas/chpmv.c, cblas/chpr.c, cblas/chpr2.c, cblas/cscal.c, cblas/csscal.c, cblas/cswap.c, cblas/csymm.c, cblas/csyr2k.c, cblas/csyrk.c, cblas/ctbmv.c, cblas/ctbsv.c, cblas/ctpmv.c, cblas/ctpsv.c, cblas/ctrmm.c, cblas/ctrmv.c, cblas/ctrsm.c, cblas/ctrsv.c, cblas/dasum.c, cblas/daxpy.c, cblas/dcopy.c, cblas/ddot.c, cblas/dgbmv.c, cblas/dgemm.c, cblas/dgemv.c, cblas/dger.c, cblas/dnrm2.c, cblas/drot.c, cblas/drotg.c, cblas/drotm.c, cblas/drotmg.c, cblas/dsbmv.c, cblas/dscal.c, cblas/dsdot.c, cblas/dspmv.c, cblas/dspr.c, cblas/dspr2.c, cblas/dswap.c, cblas/dsymm.c, cblas/dsymv.c, cblas/dsyr.c, cblas/dsyr2.c, cblas/dsyr2k.c, cblas/dsyrk.c, cblas/dtbmv.c, cblas/dtbsv.c, cblas/dtpmv.c, cblas/dtpsv.c, cblas/dtrmm.c, cblas/dtrmv.c, cblas/dtrsm.c, cblas/dtrsv.c, cblas/dzasum.c, cblas/dznrm2.c, cblas/gsl_cblas.h, cblas/hypot.c, cblas/icamax.c, cblas/idamax.c, cblas/isamax.c, cblas/izamax.c, cblas/sasum.c, cblas/saxpy.c, cblas/scasum.c, cblas/scnrm2.c, cblas/scopy.c, cblas/sdot.c, cblas/sdsdot.c, cblas/sgbmv.c, cblas/sgemm.c, cblas/sgemv.c, cblas/sger.c, cblas/snrm2.c, cblas/source_asum_c.h, cblas/source_asum_r.h, cblas/source_axpy_c.h, cblas/source_axpy_r.h, cblas/source_copy_c.h, cblas/source_copy_r.h, cblas/source_dot_c.h, cblas/source_dot_r.h, cblas/source_gbmv_c.h, cblas/source_gbmv_r.h, cblas/source_gemm_c.h, cblas/source_gemm_r.h, cblas/source_gemv_c.h, cblas/source_gemv_r.h, cblas/source_ger.h, cblas/source_gerc.h, cblas/source_geru.h, cblas/source_hbmv.h, cblas/source_hemm.h, cblas/source_hemv.h, cblas/source_her.h, cblas/source_her2.h, cblas/source_her2k.h, cblas/source_herk.h, cblas/source_hpmv.h, cblas/source_hpr.h, cblas/source_hpr2.h, cblas/source_iamax_c.h, cblas/source_iamax_r.h, cblas/source_nrm2_c.h, cblas/source_nrm2_r.h, cblas/source_rot.h, cblas/source_rotg.h, cblas/source_rotm.h, cblas/source_rotmg.h, cblas/source_sbmv.h, cblas/source_scal_c.h, cblas/source_scal_c_s.h, cblas/source_scal_r.h, cblas/source_spmv.h, cblas/source_spr.h, cblas/source_spr2.h, cblas/source_swap_c.h, cblas/source_swap_r.h, cblas/source_symm_c.h, cblas/source_symm_r.h, cblas/source_symv.h, cblas/source_syr.h, cblas/source_syr2.h, cblas/source_syr2k_c.h, cblas/source_syr2k_r.h, cblas/source_syrk_c.h, cblas/source_syrk_r.h, cblas/source_tbmv_c.h, cblas/source_tbmv_r.h, cblas/source_tbsv_c.h, cblas/source_tbsv_r.h, cblas/source_tpmv_c.h, cblas/source_tpmv_r.h, cblas/source_tpsv_c.h, cblas/source_tpsv_r.h, cblas/source_trmm_c.h, cblas/source_trmm_r.h, cblas/source_trmv_c.h, cblas/source_trmv_r.h, cblas/source_trsm_c.h, cblas/source_trsm_r.h, cblas/source_trsv_c.h, cblas/source_trsv_r.h, cblas/srot.c, cblas/srotg.c, cblas/srotm.c, cblas/srotmg.c, cblas/ssbmv.c, cblas/sscal.c, cblas/sspmv.c, cblas/sspr.c, cblas/sspr2.c, cblas/sswap.c, cblas/ssymm.c, cblas/ssymv.c, cblas/ssyr.c, cblas/ssyr2.c, cblas/ssyr2k.c, cblas/ssyrk.c, cblas/stbmv.c, cblas/stbsv.c, cblas/stpmv.c, cblas/stpsv.c, cblas/strmm.c, cblas/strmv.c, cblas/strsm.c, cblas/strsv.c, cblas/test.c, cblas/test_amax.c, cblas/test_asum.c, cblas/test_axpy.c, cblas/test_copy.c, cblas/test_dot.c, cblas/test_gbmv.c, cblas/test_gemm.c, cblas/test_gemv.c, cblas/test_ger.c, cblas/test_hbmv.c, cblas/test_hemm.c, cblas/test_hemv.c, cblas/test_her.c, cblas/test_her2.c, cblas/test_her2k.c, cblas/test_herk.c, cblas/test_hpmv.c, cblas/test_hpr.c, cblas/test_hpr2.c, cblas/test_nrm2.c, cblas/test_rot.c, cblas/test_rotg.c, cblas/test_rotm.c, cblas/test_rotmg.c, cblas/test_sbmv.c, cblas/test_scal.c, cblas/test_spmv.c, cblas/test_spr.c, cblas/test_spr2.c, cblas/test_swap.c, cblas/test_symm.c, cblas/test_symv.c, cblas/test_syr.c, cblas/test_syr2.c, cblas/test_syr2k.c, cblas/test_syrk.c, cblas/test_tbmv.c, cblas/test_tbsv.c, cblas/test_tpmv.c, cblas/test_tpsv.c, cblas/test_trmm.c, cblas/test_trmv.c, cblas/test_trsm.c, cblas/test_trsv.c, cblas/tests.c, cblas/tests.h, cblas/xerbla.c, cblas/zaxpy.c, cblas/zcopy.c, cblas/zdotc_sub.c, cblas/zdotu_sub.c, cblas/zdscal.c, cblas/zgbmv.c, cblas/zgemm.c, cblas/zgemv.c, cblas/zgerc.c, cblas/zgeru.c, cblas/zhbmv.c, cblas/zhemm.c, cblas/zhemv.c, cblas/zher.c, cblas/zher2.c, cblas/zher2k.c, cblas/zherk.c, cblas/zhpmv.c, cblas/zhpr.c, cblas/zhpr2.c, cblas/zscal.c, cblas/zswap.c, cblas/zsymm.c, cblas/zsyr2k.c, cblas/zsyrk.c, cblas/ztbmv.c, cblas/ztbsv.c, cblas/ztpmv.c, cblas/ztpsv.c, cblas/ztrmm.c, cblas/ztrmv.c, cblas/ztrsm.c, cblas/ztrsv.c, cdf/ChangeLog, cdf/Makefile.am, cdf/Makefile.in, cdf/beta.c, cdf/beta_inc.c, cdf/betainv.c, cdf/binomial.c, cdf/cauchy.c, cdf/cauchyinv.c, cdf/chisq.c, cdf/chisqinv.c, cdf/error.h, cdf/exponential.c, cdf/exponentialinv.c, cdf/exppow.c, cdf/fdist.c, cdf/fdistinv.c, cdf/flat.c, cdf/flatinv.c, cdf/gamma.c, cdf/gammainv.c, cdf/gauss.c, cdf/gaussinv.c, cdf/geometric.c, cdf/gsl_cdf.h, cdf/gumbel1.c, cdf/gumbel1inv.c, cdf/gumbel2.c, cdf/gumbel2inv.c, cdf/hypergeometric.c, cdf/laplace.c, cdf/laplaceinv.c, cdf/logistic.c, cdf/logisticinv.c, cdf/lognormal.c, cdf/lognormalinv.c, cdf/nbinomial.c, cdf/pareto.c, cdf/paretoinv.c, cdf/pascal.c, cdf/poisson.c, cdf/rat_eval.h, cdf/rayleigh.c, cdf/rayleighinv.c, cdf/tdist.c, cdf/tdistinv.c, cdf/test.c, cdf/test_auto.c, cdf/weibull.c, cdf/weibullinv.c, cheb/ChangeLog, cheb/Makefile.am, cheb/Makefile.in, cheb/deriv.c, cheb/eval.c, cheb/gsl_chebyshev.h, cheb/init.c, cheb/integ.c, cheb/test.c, combination/ChangeLog, combination/Makefile.am, combination/Makefile.in, combination/combination.c, combination/file.c, combination/gsl_combination.h, combination/init.c, combination/test.c, complex/ChangeLog, complex/Makefile.am, complex/Makefile.in, complex/TODO, complex/gsl_complex.h, complex/gsl_complex_math.h, complex/math.c, complex/results.h, complex/results1.h, complex/results_real.h, complex/test.c, const/ChangeLog, const/Makefile.am, const/Makefile.in, const/TODO, const/gsl_const.h, const/gsl_const_cgs.h, const/gsl_const_cgsm.h, const/gsl_const_mks.h, const/gsl_const_mksa.h, const/gsl_const_num.h, const/test.c, deriv/ChangeLog, deriv/Makefile.am, deriv/Makefile.in, deriv/deriv.c, deriv/gsl_deriv.h, deriv/test.c, dht/ChangeLog, dht/Makefile.am, dht/Makefile.in, dht/dht.c, dht/gsl_dht.h, dht/test.c, diff/ChangeLog, diff/Makefile.am, diff/Makefile.in, diff/diff.c, diff/gsl_diff.h, diff/test.c, doc/12-cities.eps, doc/ChangeLog, doc/Makefile.am, doc/Makefile.in, doc/algorithm.sty, doc/algorithmic.sty, doc/autoconf.texi, doc/blas.texi, doc/bspline.eps, doc/bspline.texi, doc/calc.sty, doc/cblas.texi, doc/cheb.eps, doc/cheb.texi, doc/combination.texi, doc/complex.texi, doc/const.texi, doc/debug.texi, doc/dht.texi, doc/diff.texi, doc/dwt-orig.eps, doc/dwt-samp.eps, doc/dwt.texi, doc/eigen.texi, doc/err.texi, doc/fdl.texi, doc/fft-complex-radix2-f.eps, doc/fft-complex-radix2-t.eps, doc/fft-complex-radix2.eps, doc/fft-real-mixedradix.eps, doc/fft.texi, doc/fftalgorithms.bib, doc/fftalgorithms.tex, doc/final-route.eps, doc/fit-exp.eps, doc/fit-wlinear.eps, doc/fit-wlinear2.eps, doc/fitting.texi, doc/freemanuals.texi, doc/gpl.texi, doc/gsl-config.1, doc/gsl-design.texi, doc/gsl-histogram.1, doc/gsl-randist.1, doc/gsl-ref.info, doc/gsl-ref.info-1, doc/gsl-ref.info-2, doc/gsl-ref.info-3, doc/gsl-ref.info-4, doc/gsl-ref.info-5, doc/gsl-ref.info-6, doc/gsl-ref.texi, doc/gsl.3, doc/histogram.eps, doc/histogram.texi, doc/histogram2d.eps, doc/ieee754.texi, doc/initial-route.eps, doc/integration.texi, doc/interp.texi, doc/interp2.eps, doc/interpp2.eps, doc/intro.texi, doc/landau.dat, doc/linalg.texi, doc/math.texi, doc/mdate-sh, doc/min-interval.eps, doc/min.texi, doc/montecarlo.texi, doc/multifit.texi, doc/multimin.eps, doc/multimin.texi, doc/multiroots.texi, doc/ntuple.eps, doc/ntuple.texi, doc/ode-initval.texi, doc/permutation.texi, doc/poly.texi, doc/qrng.eps, doc/qrng.texi, doc/rand-bernoulli.tex, doc/rand-beta.tex, doc/rand-binomial.tex, doc/rand-bivariate-gaussian.tex, doc/rand-cauchy.tex, doc/rand-chisq.tex, doc/rand-erlang.tex, doc/rand-exponential.tex, doc/rand-exppow.tex, doc/rand-fdist.tex, doc/rand-flat.tex, doc/rand-gamma.tex, doc/rand-gaussian-tail.tex, doc/rand-gaussian.tex, doc/rand-geometric.tex, doc/rand-gumbel.tex, doc/rand-gumbel1.tex, doc/rand-gumbel2.tex, doc/rand-hypergeometric.tex, doc/rand-landau.tex, doc/rand-laplace.tex, doc/rand-levy.tex, doc/rand-levyskew.tex, doc/rand-logarithmic.tex, doc/rand-logistic.tex, doc/rand-lognormal.tex, doc/rand-nbinomial.tex, doc/rand-pareto.tex, doc/rand-pascal.tex, doc/rand-poisson.tex, doc/rand-rayleigh-tail.tex, doc/rand-rayleigh.tex, doc/rand-tdist.tex, doc/rand-weibull.tex, doc/randist.texi, doc/random-walk.tex, doc/randplots.gnp, doc/rng.texi, doc/roots-bisection.eps, doc/roots-false-position.eps, doc/roots-newtons-method.eps, doc/roots-secant-method.eps, doc/roots.texi, doc/siman-energy.eps, doc/siman-test.eps, doc/siman.texi, doc/sort.texi, doc/specfunc-airy.texi, doc/specfunc-bessel.texi, doc/specfunc-clausen.texi, doc/specfunc-coulomb.texi, doc/specfunc-coupling.texi, doc/specfunc-dawson.texi, doc/specfunc-debye.texi, doc/specfunc-dilog.texi, doc/specfunc-elementary.texi, doc/specfunc-ellint.texi, doc/specfunc-elljac.texi, doc/specfunc-erf.texi, doc/specfunc-exp.texi, doc/specfunc-expint.texi, doc/specfunc-fermi-dirac.texi, doc/specfunc-gamma.texi, doc/specfunc-gegenbauer.texi, doc/specfunc-hyperg.texi, doc/specfunc-laguerre.texi, doc/specfunc-lambert.texi, doc/specfunc-legendre.texi, doc/specfunc-log.texi, doc/specfunc-mathieu.texi, doc/specfunc-pow-int.texi, doc/specfunc-psi.texi, doc/specfunc-synchrotron.texi, doc/specfunc-transport.texi, doc/specfunc-trig.texi, doc/specfunc-zeta.texi, doc/specfunc.texi, doc/stamp-vti, doc/statistics.texi, doc/sum.texi, doc/texinfo.tex, doc/usage.texi, doc/vdp.eps, doc/vectors.texi, doc/version-ref.texi, doc/examples/blas.c, doc/examples/blas.out, doc/examples/block.c, doc/examples/block.out, doc/examples/bspline.c, doc/examples/cblas.c, doc/examples/cblas.out, doc/examples/cdf.c, doc/examples/cdf.out, doc/examples/cheb.c, doc/examples/combination.c, doc/examples/combination.out, doc/examples/const.c, doc/examples/const.out, doc/examples/demo_fn.c, doc/examples/demo_fn.h, doc/examples/diff.c, doc/examples/diff.out, doc/examples/dwt.c, doc/examples/dwt.dat, doc/examples/ecg.dat, doc/examples/eigen.c, doc/examples/eigen_nonsymm.c, doc/examples/expfit.c, doc/examples/fft.c, doc/examples/fftmr.c, doc/examples/fftreal.c, doc/examples/fitting.c, doc/examples/fitting2.c, doc/examples/fitting3.c, doc/examples/histogram.c, doc/examples/histogram2d.c, doc/examples/ieee.c, doc/examples/ieeeround.c, doc/examples/integration.c, doc/examples/integration.out, doc/examples/interp.c, doc/examples/interpp.c, doc/examples/intro.c, doc/examples/intro.out, doc/examples/linalglu.c, doc/examples/linalglu.out, doc/examples/matrix.c, doc/examples/matrixw.c, doc/examples/min.c, doc/examples/min.out, doc/examples/monte.c, doc/examples/nlfit.c, doc/examples/ntupler.c, doc/examples/ntuplew.c, doc/examples/ode-initval.c, doc/examples/odefixed.c, doc/examples/permseq.c, doc/examples/permshuffle.c, doc/examples/polyroots.c, doc/examples/polyroots.out, doc/examples/qrng.c, doc/examples/randpoisson.2.out, doc/examples/randpoisson.c, doc/examples/randpoisson.out, doc/examples/randwalk.c, doc/examples/rng.c, doc/examples/rng.out, doc/examples/rngunif.2.out, doc/examples/rngunif.c, doc/examples/rngunif.out, doc/examples/rootnewt.c, doc/examples/roots.c, doc/examples/siman.c, doc/examples/sortsmall.c, doc/examples/sortsmall.out, doc/examples/specfun.c, doc/examples/specfun.out, doc/examples/specfun_e.c, doc/examples/specfun_e.out, doc/examples/stat.c, doc/examples/stat.out, doc/examples/statsort.c, doc/examples/statsort.out, doc/examples/sum.c, doc/examples/sum.out, doc/examples/vector.c, doc/examples/vectorr.c, doc/examples/vectorview.c, doc/examples/vectorview.out, doc/examples/vectorw.c, eigen/ChangeLog, eigen/Makefile.am, eigen/Makefile.in, eigen/TODO, eigen/francis.c, eigen/gsl_eigen.h, eigen/herm.c, eigen/hermv.c, eigen/jacobi.c, eigen/nonsymm.c, eigen/nonsymmv.c, eigen/qrstep.c, eigen/schur.c, eigen/schur.h, eigen/sort.c, eigen/symm.c, eigen/symmv.c, eigen/test.c, err/ChangeLog, 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vector/gsl_vector_complex_float.h, vector/gsl_vector_complex_long_double.h, vector/gsl_vector_double.h, vector/gsl_vector_float.h, vector/gsl_vector_int.h, vector/gsl_vector_long.h, vector/gsl_vector_long_double.h, vector/gsl_vector_short.h, vector/gsl_vector_uchar.h, vector/gsl_vector_uint.h, vector/gsl_vector_ulong.h, vector/gsl_vector_ushort.h, vector/init.c, vector/init_source.c, vector/minmax.c, vector/minmax_source.c, vector/oper.c, vector/oper_source.c, vector/prop.c, vector/prop_source.c, vector/reim.c, vector/reim_source.c, vector/subvector.c, vector/subvector_source.c, vector/swap.c, vector/swap_source.c, vector/test.c, vector/test_complex_source.c, vector/test_source.c, vector/test_static.c, vector/vector.c, vector/vector_source.c, vector/view.c, vector/view.h, vector/view_source.c, wavelet/ChangeLog, wavelet/Makefile.am, wavelet/Makefile.in, wavelet/TODO, wavelet/bspline.c, wavelet/daubechies.c, wavelet/dwt.c, wavelet/gsl_wavelet.h, wavelet/gsl_wavelet2d.h, wavelet/haar.c, wavelet/test.c, wavelet/wavelet.c: New files.
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+@cindex complex numbers
+
+The functions described in this chapter provide support for complex
+numbers. The algorithms take care to avoid unnecessary intermediate
+underflows and overflows, allowing the functions to be evaluated over
+as much of the complex plane as possible.
+
+@comment FIXME: this still needs to be
+@comment done for the csc,sec,cot,csch,sech,coth functions
+
+For multiple-valued functions the branch cuts have been chosen to follow
+the conventions of Abramowitz and Stegun in the @cite{Handbook of
+Mathematical Functions}. The functions return principal values which are
+the same as those in GNU Calc, which in turn are the same as those in
+@cite{Common Lisp, The Language (Second Edition)}@footnote{Note that the
+first edition uses different definitions.} and the HP-28/48 series of
+calculators.
+
+The complex types are defined in the header file @file{gsl_complex.h},
+while the corresponding complex functions and arithmetic operations are
+defined in @file{gsl_complex_math.h}.
+
+@menu
+* Complex numbers::
+* Properties of complex numbers::
+* Complex arithmetic operators::
+* Elementary Complex Functions::
+* Complex Trigonometric Functions::
+* Inverse Complex Trigonometric Functions::
+* Complex Hyperbolic Functions::
+* Inverse Complex Hyperbolic Functions::
+* Complex Number References and Further Reading::
+@end menu
+
+@node Complex numbers
+@section Complex numbers
+@cindex representations of complex numbers
+@cindex polar form of complex numbers
+@tpindex gsl_complex
+
+Complex numbers are represented using the type @code{gsl_complex}. The
+internal representation of this type may vary across platforms and
+should not be accessed directly. The functions and macros described
+below allow complex numbers to be manipulated in a portable way.
+
+For reference, the default form of the @code{gsl_complex} type is
+given by the following struct,
+
+@example
+typedef struct
+@{
+ double dat[2];
+@} gsl_complex;
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The real and imaginary part are stored in contiguous elements of a two
+element array. This eliminates any padding between the real and
+imaginary parts, @code{dat[0]} and @code{dat[1]}, allowing the struct to
+be mapped correctly onto packed complex arrays.
+
+@deftypefun gsl_complex gsl_complex_rect (double @var{x}, double @var{y})
+This function uses the rectangular cartesian components
+(@var{x},@var{y}) to return the complex number @math{z = x + i y}.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@deftypefun gsl_complex gsl_complex_polar (double @var{r}, double @var{theta})
+This function returns the complex number @math{z = r \exp(i \theta) = r
+(\cos(\theta) + i \sin(\theta))} from the polar representation
+(@var{r},@var{theta}).
+@end deftypefun
+
+@defmac GSL_REAL (@var{z})
+@defmacx GSL_IMAG (@var{z})
+These macros return the real and imaginary parts of the complex number
+@var{z}.
+@end defmac
+
+@defmac GSL_SET_COMPLEX (@var{zp}, @var{x}, @var{y})
+This macro uses the cartesian components (@var{x},@var{y}) to set the
+real and imaginary parts of the complex number pointed to by @var{zp}.
+For example,
+
+@example
+GSL_SET_COMPLEX(&z, 3, 4)
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+sets @var{z} to be @math{3 + 4i}.
+@end defmac
+
+@defmac GSL_SET_REAL (@var{zp},@var{x})
+@defmacx GSL_SET_IMAG (@var{zp},@var{y})
+These macros allow the real and imaginary parts of the complex number
+pointed to by @var{zp} to be set independently.
+@end defmac
+
+@node Properties of complex numbers
+@section Properties of complex numbers
+
+@deftypefun double gsl_complex_arg (gsl_complex @var{z})
+@cindex argument of complex number
+This function returns the argument of the complex number @var{z},
+@math{\arg(z)}, where @c{$-\pi < \arg(z) \leq \pi$}
+@math{-\pi < \arg(z) <= \pi}.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@deftypefun double gsl_complex_abs (gsl_complex @var{z})
+@cindex magnitude of complex number
+This function returns the magnitude of the complex number @var{z}, @math{|z|}.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@deftypefun double gsl_complex_abs2 (gsl_complex @var{z})
+This function returns the squared magnitude of the complex number
+@var{z}, @math{|z|^2}.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@deftypefun double gsl_complex_logabs (gsl_complex @var{z})
+This function returns the natural logarithm of the magnitude of the
+complex number @var{z}, @math{\log|z|}. It allows an accurate
+evaluation of @math{\log|z|} when @math{|z|} is close to one. The direct
+evaluation of @code{log(gsl_complex_abs(z))} would lead to a loss of
+precision in this case.
+@end deftypefun
+
+
+@node Complex arithmetic operators
+@section Complex arithmetic operators
+@cindex complex arithmetic
+
+@deftypefun gsl_complex gsl_complex_add (gsl_complex @var{a}, gsl_complex @var{b})
+This function returns the sum of the complex numbers @var{a} and
+@var{b}, @math{z=a+b}.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@deftypefun gsl_complex gsl_complex_sub (gsl_complex @var{a}, gsl_complex @var{b})
+This function returns the difference of the complex numbers @var{a} and
+@var{b}, @math{z=a-b}.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@deftypefun gsl_complex gsl_complex_mul (gsl_complex @var{a}, gsl_complex @var{b})
+This function returns the product of the complex numbers @var{a} and
+@var{b}, @math{z=ab}.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@deftypefun gsl_complex gsl_complex_div (gsl_complex @var{a}, gsl_complex @var{b})
+This function returns the quotient of the complex numbers @var{a} and
+@var{b}, @math{z=a/b}.
+@end deftypefun
+
+
+@deftypefun gsl_complex gsl_complex_add_real (gsl_complex @var{a}, double @var{x})
+This function returns the sum of the complex number @var{a} and the
+real number @var{x}, @math{z=a+x}.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@deftypefun gsl_complex gsl_complex_sub_real (gsl_complex @var{a}, double @var{x})
+This function returns the difference of the complex number @var{a} and the
+real number @var{x}, @math{z=a-x}.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@deftypefun gsl_complex gsl_complex_mul_real (gsl_complex @var{a}, double @var{x})
+This function returns the product of the complex number @var{a} and the
+real number @var{x}, @math{z=ax}.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@deftypefun gsl_complex gsl_complex_div_real (gsl_complex @var{a}, double @var{x})
+This function returns the quotient of the complex number @var{a} and the
+real number @var{x}, @math{z=a/x}.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@deftypefun gsl_complex gsl_complex_add_imag (gsl_complex @var{a}, double @var{y})
+This function returns the sum of the complex number @var{a} and the
+imaginary number @math{i}@var{y}, @math{z=a+iy}.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@deftypefun gsl_complex gsl_complex_sub_imag (gsl_complex @var{a}, double @var{y})
+This function returns the difference of the complex number @var{a} and the
+imaginary number @math{i}@var{y}, @math{z=a-iy}.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@deftypefun gsl_complex gsl_complex_mul_imag (gsl_complex @var{a}, double @var{y})
+This function returns the product of the complex number @var{a} and the
+imaginary number @math{i}@var{y}, @math{z=a*(iy)}.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@deftypefun gsl_complex gsl_complex_div_imag (gsl_complex @var{a}, double @var{y})
+This function returns the quotient of the complex number @var{a} and the
+imaginary number @math{i}@var{y}, @math{z=a/(iy)}.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@deftypefun gsl_complex gsl_complex_conjugate (gsl_complex @var{z})
+@cindex conjugate of complex number
+This function returns the complex conjugate of the complex number
+@var{z}, @math{z^* = x - i y}.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@deftypefun gsl_complex gsl_complex_inverse (gsl_complex @var{z})
+This function returns the inverse, or reciprocal, of the complex number
+@var{z}, @math{1/z = (x - i y)/(x^2 + y^2)}.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@deftypefun gsl_complex gsl_complex_negative (gsl_complex @var{z})
+This function returns the negative of the complex number
+@var{z}, @math{-z = (-x) + i(-y)}.
+@end deftypefun
+
+
+@node Elementary Complex Functions
+@section Elementary Complex Functions
+
+@deftypefun gsl_complex gsl_complex_sqrt (gsl_complex @var{z})
+@cindex square root of complex number
+This function returns the square root of the complex number @var{z},
+@math{\sqrt z}. The branch cut is the negative real axis. The result
+always lies in the right half of the complex plane.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@deftypefun gsl_complex gsl_complex_sqrt_real (double @var{x})
+This function returns the complex square root of the real number
+@var{x}, where @var{x} may be negative.
+@end deftypefun
+
+
+@deftypefun gsl_complex gsl_complex_pow (gsl_complex @var{z}, gsl_complex @var{a})
+@cindex power of complex number
+@cindex exponentiation of complex number
+The function returns the complex number @var{z} raised to the complex
+power @var{a}, @math{z^a}. This is computed as @math{\exp(\log(z)*a)}
+using complex logarithms and complex exponentials.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@deftypefun gsl_complex gsl_complex_pow_real (gsl_complex @var{z}, double @var{x})
+This function returns the complex number @var{z} raised to the real
+power @var{x}, @math{z^x}.
+@end deftypefun
+
+
+@deftypefun gsl_complex gsl_complex_exp (gsl_complex @var{z})
+This function returns the complex exponential of the complex number
+@var{z}, @math{\exp(z)}.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@deftypefun gsl_complex gsl_complex_log (gsl_complex @var{z})
+@cindex logarithm of complex number
+This function returns the complex natural logarithm (base @math{e}) of
+the complex number @var{z}, @math{\log(z)}. The branch cut is the
+negative real axis.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@deftypefun gsl_complex gsl_complex_log10 (gsl_complex @var{z})
+This function returns the complex base-10 logarithm of
+the complex number @var{z}, @c{$\log_{10}(z)$}
+@math{\log_10 (z)}.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@deftypefun gsl_complex gsl_complex_log_b (gsl_complex @var{z}, gsl_complex @var{b})
+This function returns the complex base-@var{b} logarithm of the complex
+number @var{z}, @math{\log_b(z)}. This quantity is computed as the ratio
+@math{\log(z)/\log(b)}.
+@end deftypefun
+
+
+@node Complex Trigonometric Functions
+@section Complex Trigonometric Functions
+@cindex trigonometric functions of complex numbers
+
+@deftypefun gsl_complex gsl_complex_sin (gsl_complex @var{z})
+@cindex sin, of complex number
+This function returns the complex sine of the complex number @var{z},
+@math{\sin(z) = (\exp(iz) - \exp(-iz))/(2i)}.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@deftypefun gsl_complex gsl_complex_cos (gsl_complex @var{z})
+@cindex cosine of complex number
+This function returns the complex cosine of the complex number @var{z},
+@math{\cos(z) = (\exp(iz) + \exp(-iz))/2}.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@deftypefun gsl_complex gsl_complex_tan (gsl_complex @var{z})
+@cindex tangent of complex number
+This function returns the complex tangent of the complex number @var{z},
+@math{\tan(z) = \sin(z)/\cos(z)}.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@deftypefun gsl_complex gsl_complex_sec (gsl_complex @var{z})
+This function returns the complex secant of the complex number @var{z},
+@math{\sec(z) = 1/\cos(z)}.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@deftypefun gsl_complex gsl_complex_csc (gsl_complex @var{z})
+This function returns the complex cosecant of the complex number @var{z},
+@math{\csc(z) = 1/\sin(z)}.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@deftypefun gsl_complex gsl_complex_cot (gsl_complex @var{z})
+This function returns the complex cotangent of the complex number @var{z},
+@math{\cot(z) = 1/\tan(z)}.
+@end deftypefun
+
+
+@node Inverse Complex Trigonometric Functions
+@section Inverse Complex Trigonometric Functions
+@cindex inverse complex trigonometric functions
+
+@deftypefun gsl_complex gsl_complex_arcsin (gsl_complex @var{z})
+This function returns the complex arcsine of the complex number @var{z},
+@math{\arcsin(z)}. The branch cuts are on the real axis, less than @math{-1}
+and greater than @math{1}.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@deftypefun gsl_complex gsl_complex_arcsin_real (double @var{z})
+This function returns the complex arcsine of the real number @var{z},
+@math{\arcsin(z)}. For @math{z} between @math{-1} and @math{1}, the
+function returns a real value in the range @math{[-\pi/2,\pi/2]}. For
+@math{z} less than @math{-1} the result has a real part of @math{-\pi/2}
+and a positive imaginary part. For @math{z} greater than @math{1} the
+result has a real part of @math{\pi/2} and a negative imaginary part.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@deftypefun gsl_complex gsl_complex_arccos (gsl_complex @var{z})
+This function returns the complex arccosine of the complex number @var{z},
+@math{\arccos(z)}. The branch cuts are on the real axis, less than @math{-1}
+and greater than @math{1}.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@deftypefun gsl_complex gsl_complex_arccos_real (double @var{z})
+This function returns the complex arccosine of the real number @var{z},
+@math{\arccos(z)}. For @math{z} between @math{-1} and @math{1}, the
+function returns a real value in the range @math{[0,\pi]}. For @math{z}
+less than @math{-1} the result has a real part of @math{\pi} and a
+negative imaginary part. For @math{z} greater than @math{1} the result
+is purely imaginary and positive.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@deftypefun gsl_complex gsl_complex_arctan (gsl_complex @var{z})
+This function returns the complex arctangent of the complex number
+@var{z}, @math{\arctan(z)}. The branch cuts are on the imaginary axis,
+below @math{-i} and above @math{i}.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@deftypefun gsl_complex gsl_complex_arcsec (gsl_complex @var{z})
+This function returns the complex arcsecant of the complex number @var{z},
+@math{\arcsec(z) = \arccos(1/z)}.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@deftypefun gsl_complex gsl_complex_arcsec_real (double @var{z})
+This function returns the complex arcsecant of the real number @var{z},
+@math{\arcsec(z) = \arccos(1/z)}.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@deftypefun gsl_complex gsl_complex_arccsc (gsl_complex @var{z})
+This function returns the complex arccosecant of the complex number @var{z},
+@math{\arccsc(z) = \arcsin(1/z)}.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@deftypefun gsl_complex gsl_complex_arccsc_real (double @var{z})
+This function returns the complex arccosecant of the real number @var{z},
+@math{\arccsc(z) = \arcsin(1/z)}.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@deftypefun gsl_complex gsl_complex_arccot (gsl_complex @var{z})
+This function returns the complex arccotangent of the complex number @var{z},
+@math{\arccot(z) = \arctan(1/z)}.
+@end deftypefun
+
+
+@node Complex Hyperbolic Functions
+@section Complex Hyperbolic Functions
+@cindex hyperbolic functions, complex numbers
+
+@deftypefun gsl_complex gsl_complex_sinh (gsl_complex @var{z})
+This function returns the complex hyperbolic sine of the complex number
+@var{z}, @math{\sinh(z) = (\exp(z) - \exp(-z))/2}.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@deftypefun gsl_complex gsl_complex_cosh (gsl_complex @var{z})
+This function returns the complex hyperbolic cosine of the complex number
+@var{z}, @math{\cosh(z) = (\exp(z) + \exp(-z))/2}.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@deftypefun gsl_complex gsl_complex_tanh (gsl_complex @var{z})
+This function returns the complex hyperbolic tangent of the complex number
+@var{z}, @math{\tanh(z) = \sinh(z)/\cosh(z)}.
+@end deftypefun
+
+
+@deftypefun gsl_complex gsl_complex_sech (gsl_complex @var{z})
+This function returns the complex hyperbolic secant of the complex
+number @var{z}, @math{\sech(z) = 1/\cosh(z)}.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@deftypefun gsl_complex gsl_complex_csch (gsl_complex @var{z})
+This function returns the complex hyperbolic cosecant of the complex
+number @var{z}, @math{\csch(z) = 1/\sinh(z)}.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@deftypefun gsl_complex gsl_complex_coth (gsl_complex @var{z})
+This function returns the complex hyperbolic cotangent of the complex
+number @var{z}, @math{\coth(z) = 1/\tanh(z)}.
+@end deftypefun
+
+
+@node Inverse Complex Hyperbolic Functions
+@section Inverse Complex Hyperbolic Functions
+@cindex inverse hyperbolic functions, complex numbers
+
+@deftypefun gsl_complex gsl_complex_arcsinh (gsl_complex @var{z})
+This function returns the complex hyperbolic arcsine of the
+complex number @var{z}, @math{\arcsinh(z)}. The branch cuts are on the
+imaginary axis, below @math{-i} and above @math{i}.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@deftypefun gsl_complex gsl_complex_arccosh (gsl_complex @var{z})
+This function returns the complex hyperbolic arccosine of the complex
+number @var{z}, @math{\arccosh(z)}. The branch cut is on the real
+axis, less than @math{1}. Note that in this case we use the negative
+square root in formula 4.6.21 of Abramowitz & Stegun giving
+@c{$\arccosh(z)=\log(z-\sqrt{z^2-1})$}
+@math{\arccosh(z)=\log(z-\sqrt@{z^2-1@})}.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@deftypefun gsl_complex gsl_complex_arccosh_real (double @var{z})
+This function returns the complex hyperbolic arccosine of
+the real number @var{z}, @math{\arccosh(z)}.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@deftypefun gsl_complex gsl_complex_arctanh (gsl_complex @var{z})
+This function returns the complex hyperbolic arctangent of the complex
+number @var{z}, @math{\arctanh(z)}. The branch cuts are on the real
+axis, less than @math{-1} and greater than @math{1}.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@deftypefun gsl_complex gsl_complex_arctanh_real (double @var{z})
+This function returns the complex hyperbolic arctangent of the real
+number @var{z}, @math{\arctanh(z)}.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@deftypefun gsl_complex gsl_complex_arcsech (gsl_complex @var{z})
+This function returns the complex hyperbolic arcsecant of the complex
+number @var{z}, @math{\arcsech(z) = \arccosh(1/z)}.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@deftypefun gsl_complex gsl_complex_arccsch (gsl_complex @var{z})
+This function returns the complex hyperbolic arccosecant of the complex
+number @var{z}, @math{\arccsch(z) = \arcsin(1/z)}.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@deftypefun gsl_complex gsl_complex_arccoth (gsl_complex @var{z})
+This function returns the complex hyperbolic arccotangent of the complex
+number @var{z}, @math{\arccoth(z) = \arctanh(1/z)}.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@node Complex Number References and Further Reading
+@section References and Further Reading
+
+The implementations of the elementary and trigonometric functions are
+based on the following papers,
+
+@itemize @asis
+@item
+T. E. Hull, Thomas F. Fairgrieve, Ping Tak Peter Tang,
+``Implementing Complex Elementary Functions Using Exception
+Handling'', @cite{ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software}, Volume 20
+(1994), pp 215--244, Corrigenda, p553
+
+@item
+T. E. Hull, Thomas F. Fairgrieve, Ping Tak Peter Tang,
+``Implementing the complex arcsin and arccosine functions using exception
+handling'', @cite{ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software}, Volume 23
+(1997) pp 299--335
+@end itemize
+
+@noindent
+The general formulas and details of branch cuts can be found in the
+following books,
+
+@itemize @asis
+@item
+Abramowitz and Stegun, @cite{Handbook of Mathematical Functions},
+``Circular Functions in Terms of Real and Imaginary Parts'', Formulas
+4.3.55--58,
+``Inverse Circular Functions in Terms of Real and Imaginary Parts'',
+Formulas 4.4.37--39,
+``Hyperbolic Functions in Terms of Real and Imaginary Parts'',
+Formulas 4.5.49--52,
+``Inverse Hyperbolic Functions---relation to Inverse Circular Functions'',
+Formulas 4.6.14--19.
+
+@item
+Dave Gillespie, @cite{Calc Manual}, Free Software Foundation, ISBN
+1-882114-18-3
+@end itemize