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+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2014, Chris Johns <chrisj@rtems.org>
+ *
+ * Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any
+ * purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
+ * copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
+ * WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
+ * ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
+ * WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
+ * ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
+ * OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+ */
+/**
+ * @file
+ *
+ * @ingroup rtems_rld
+ *
+ * @brief RTEMS Trace Linker manages creating a tracable RTEMS executable.
+ *
+ */
+
+#if HAVE_CONFIG_H
+#include "config.h"
+#endif
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cctype>
+#include <functional>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <locale>
+#include <sstream>
+
+#include <cxxabi.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <getopt.h>
+
+#include <rld.h>
+#include <rld-cc.h>
+#include <rld-config.h>
+#include <rld-process.h>
+
+#ifndef HAVE_KILL
+#define kill(p,s) raise(s)
+#endif
+
+namespace rld
+{
+ /**
+ * RTEMS Trace Linker.
+ */
+ namespace trace
+ {
+ /**
+ * A container of arguments.
+ */
+ typedef std::vector < std::string > function_args;
+
+ /**
+ * The return value.
+ */
+ typedef std::string function_return;
+
+ /**
+ * A function's signature.
+ */
+ struct signature
+ {
+ std::string name; /**< The function's name. */
+ function_args args; /**< The function's list of arguments. */
+ function_return ret; /**< The fuctions return value. */
+
+ /**
+ * The default constructor.
+ */
+ signature ();
+
+ /**
+ * Construct the signature loading it from the configuration.
+ */
+ signature (const rld::config::record& record);
+
+ /**
+ * Return the function's declaration.
+ */
+ const std::string decl () const;
+ };
+
+ /**
+ * A container of signatures.
+ */
+ typedef std::map < std::string, signature > signatures;
+
+ /**
+ * A function is list of function signatures headers and defines that allow
+ * a function to be wrapped.
+ */
+ struct function
+ {
+ std::string name; /**< The name of this wrapper. */
+ rld::strings headers; /**< Include statements. */
+ rld::strings defines; /**< Define statements. */
+ signatures signatures_; /**< Signatures in this function. */
+
+ /**
+ * Load the function.
+ */
+ function (rld::config::config& config,
+ const std::string& name);
+
+ /**
+ * Dump the function.
+ */
+ void dump (std::ostream& out) const;
+ };
+
+ /**
+ * A container of functions.
+ */
+ typedef std::vector < function > functions;
+
+ /**
+ * A generator and that contains the functions used to trace arguments and
+ * return values. It also provides the implementation of those functions.
+ */
+ struct generator
+ {
+ std::string name; /**< The name of this wrapper. */
+ rld::strings headers; /**< Include statements. */
+ rld::strings defines; /**< Define statements. */
+ std::string map_sym_prefix; /**< Mapping symbol prefix. */
+ std::string arg_trace; /**< Code template to trace an argument. */
+ std::string ret_trace; /**< Code template to trace the return value. */
+ rld::strings code; /**< Code block inserted before the trace code. */
+
+ /**
+ * Default constructor.
+ */
+ generator ();
+
+ /**
+ * Load the generator.
+ */
+ generator (rld::config::config& config,
+ const std::string& name);
+
+ /**
+ * Dump the generator.
+ */
+ void dump (std::ostream& out) const;
+ };
+
+ /**
+ * Tracer.
+ */
+ class tracer
+ {
+ public:
+ tracer ();
+
+ /**
+ * Load the user's configuration.
+ */
+ void load (rld::config::config& config,
+ const std::string& section);
+
+ /**
+ * The the functions for the trace.
+ */
+ void load_functions (rld::config::config& config,
+ const rld::config::section& section);
+
+ /**
+ * The the traces for the tracer.
+ */
+ void load_traces (rld::config::config& config,
+ const rld::config::section& section);
+
+ /**
+ * Generate the wrapper object file.
+ */
+ void generate ();
+
+ /**
+ * Generate the trace functions.
+ */
+ void generate_traces (rld::process::tempfile& c);
+
+ /**
+ * Dump the wrapper.
+ */
+ void dump (std::ostream& out) const;
+
+ private:
+
+ std::string name; /**< The name of the trace. */
+ std::string bsp; /**< The BSP we are linking to. */
+ rld::strings traces; /**< The functions to trace. */
+ functions functions_; /**< The functions that can be traced. */
+ generator generator_; /**< The tracer's generator. */
+ };
+
+ /**
+ * Trace Linker.
+ */
+ class linker
+ {
+ public:
+ linker ();
+
+ /**
+ * Load the user's configuration.
+ */
+ void load_config (const std::string& path,
+ const std::string& trace);
+
+ /**
+ * Generate the C file.
+ */
+ void generate_wrapper ();
+
+ /**
+ * Dump the linker.
+ */
+ void dump (std::ostream& out) const;
+
+ private:
+
+ rld::config::config config; /**< User configuration. */
+ tracer tracer_; /**< The tracer */
+ };
+
+ /**
+ * Recursive parser for strings.
+ */
+ void
+ parse (rld::config::config& config,
+ const rld::config::section& section,
+ const std::string& sec_name,
+ const std::string& rec_name,
+ rld::strings& items,
+ bool split = true,
+ int depth = 0)
+ {
+ if (depth > 32)
+ throw rld::error ("too deep", "parsing: " + sec_name + '/' + rec_name);
+
+ rld::config::parse_items (section, rec_name, items, false, false, split);
+
+ rld::strings sl;
+
+ rld::config::parse_items (section, sec_name, sl);
+
+ for (rld::strings::iterator sli = sl.begin ();
+ sli != sl.end ();
+ ++sli)
+ {
+ const rld::config::section& sec = config.get_section (*sli);
+ parse (config, sec, sec_name, rec_name, items, split, depth + 1);
+ }
+
+ /*
+ * Make the items unique.
+ */
+ rld::strings::iterator ii;
+ ii = std::unique (items.begin (), items.end ());
+ items.resize (std::distance (items.begin (), ii));
+ }
+
+ signature::signature ()
+ {
+ }
+
+ signature::signature (const rld::config::record& record)
+ {
+ /*
+ * There can only be one function signature in the configuration.
+ */
+ if (!record.single ())
+ throw rld::error ("duplicate", "signature: " + record.name);
+
+ name = record.name;
+
+ /*
+ * Signatures are defined as the return value then the arguments
+ * delimited by a comma and white space. No checking is made of the
+ * return value or arguments.
+ */
+ rld::strings si;
+ rld::config::parse_items (record, si);
+
+ if (si.size () == 0)
+ throw rld::error ("no return value", "signature: " + record.name);
+ if (si.size () == 1)
+ throw rld::error ("no arguments", "signature: " + record.name);
+
+ ret = si[0];
+ args.resize (si.size () - 1);
+ std::copy (si.begin () + 1, si.end (), args.begin ());
+ }
+
+ const std::string
+ signature::decl () const
+ {
+ std::string ds = ret + ' ' + name + '(';
+ int arg = 0;
+ for (function_args::const_iterator ai = args.begin ();
+ ai != args.end ();
+ ++ai)
+ {
+ if (ai != args.begin ())
+ ds += ", ";
+ ds += (*ai) + " a" + rld::to_string (++arg);
+ }
+ ds += ')';
+ return ds;
+ }
+
+ function::function (rld::config::config& config,
+ const std::string& name)
+ : name (name)
+ {
+ /*
+ * A function section optionally contain one or more records of:
+ *
+ * # headers A list of sections containing headers or header records.
+ * # header A list of include string that are single or double quoted.
+ * # defines A list of sections containing defines or define record.
+ * # defines A list of define string that are single or double quoted.
+ * # signatures A list of section names of signatures.
+ * # includes A list of files to include.
+ *
+ * @note The quoting and list spliting is a little weak because a delimiter
+ * in a quote should not be seen as a delimiter.
+ */
+ const rld::config::section& section = config.get_section (name);
+
+ config.includes (section);
+
+ parse (config, section, "headers", "header", headers);
+ parse (config, section, "defines", "define", defines);
+
+ rld::strings sig_list;
+ section.get_record_items ("signatures", sig_list);
+
+ for (rld::strings::const_iterator sli = sig_list.begin ();
+ sli != sig_list.end ();
+ ++sli)
+ {
+ const rld::config::section& sig_sec = config.get_section (*sli);
+ for (rld::config::records::const_iterator si = sig_sec.recs.begin ();
+ si != sig_sec.recs.end ();
+ ++si)
+ {
+ signature sig (*si);
+ signatures_[sig.name] = sig;
+ }
+ }
+ }
+
+ void
+ function::dump (std::ostream& out) const
+ {
+ out << " Function: " << name << std::endl
+ << " Headers: " << headers.size () << std::endl;
+ for (rld::strings::const_iterator hi = headers.begin ();
+ hi != headers.end ();
+ ++hi)
+ {
+ out << " " << (*hi) << std::endl;
+ }
+ out << " Defines: " << defines.size () << std::endl;
+ for (rld::strings::const_iterator di = defines.begin ();
+ di != defines.end ();
+ ++di)
+ {
+ out << " " << (*di) << std::endl;
+ }
+ out << " Signatures: " << signatures_.size () << std::endl;
+ for (signatures::const_iterator si = signatures_.begin ();
+ si != signatures_.end ();
+ ++si)
+ {
+ const signature& sig = (*si).second;
+ out << " " << sig.name << ": " << sig.decl () << ';' << std::endl;
+ }
+ }
+
+ generator::generator ()
+ {
+ }
+
+ generator::generator (rld::config::config& config,
+ const std::string& name)
+ : name (name)
+ {
+ /*
+ * A generator section optionally contain one or more records of:
+ *
+ * # headers A list of sections containing headers or header records.
+ * # header A list of include string that are single or double quoted.
+ * # defines A list of sections containing defines or define record.
+ * # defines A list of define string that are single or double quoted.
+ * # code-blocks A list of section names of code blocks.
+ * # includes A list of files to include.
+ *
+ * @note The quoting and list spliting is a little weak because a delimiter
+ * in a quote should not be seen as a delimiter.
+ */
+ const rld::config::section& section = config.get_section (name);
+
+ config.includes (section);
+
+ parse (config, section, "headers", "header", headers);
+ parse (config, section, "defines", "define", defines);
+ parse (config, section, "code-blocks", "code", code, false);
+
+ map_sym_prefix = section.get_record_item ("map-sym-prefix");
+ arg_trace = rld::dequote (section.get_record_item ("arg-trace"));
+ ret_trace = rld::dequote (section.get_record_item ("ret-trace"));
+ }
+
+ void
+ generator::dump (std::ostream& out) const
+ {
+ out << " Generator: " << name << std::endl
+ << " Headers: " << headers.size () << std::endl;
+ for (rld::strings::const_iterator hi = headers.begin ();
+ hi != headers.end ();
+ ++hi)
+ {
+ out << " " << (*hi) << std::endl;
+ }
+ out << " Defines: " << defines.size () << std::endl;
+ for (rld::strings::const_iterator di = defines.begin ();
+ di != defines.end ();
+ ++di)
+ {
+ out << " " << (*di) << std::endl;
+ }
+ out << " Mapping Symbol Prefix: " << map_sym_prefix << std::endl
+ << " Arg Trace Code: " << arg_trace << std::endl
+ << " Return Trace Code: " << ret_trace << std::endl
+ << " Code blocks: " << std::endl;
+ for (rld::strings::const_iterator ci = code.begin ();
+ ci != code.end ();
+ ++ci)
+ {
+ out << " > "
+ << rld::find_replace (*ci, "\n", "\n | ") << std::endl;
+ }
+ }
+
+ tracer::tracer ()
+ {
+ }
+
+ void
+ tracer::load (rld::config::config& config,
+ const std::string& tname)
+ {
+ /*
+ * The configuration must contain a "section" section. This is the top level
+ * configuration and may contain:
+ *
+ * # name The name of trace being linked.
+ * # bsp The architecture/bsp name of the BSP.
+ * # options A list of options as per the long command line args.
+ * # traces The list of sections containing function lists to trace.
+ * # functions The list of sections containing function details.
+ * # include The list of files to include.
+ *
+ * The following records are required:
+ *
+ * # name
+ * # bsp
+ * # trace
+ * # functions
+ */
+ const rld::config::section& section = config.get_section (tname);
+
+ config.includes (section);
+
+ name = section.get_record_item ("name");
+ bsp = section.get_record_item ("bsp");
+
+ load_functions (config, section);
+ load_traces (config, section);
+ }
+
+ void
+ tracer::load_functions (rld::config::config& config,
+ const rld::config::section& section)
+ {
+ rld::strings fl;
+ rld::config::parse_items (section, "functions", fl, true);
+ for (rld::strings::const_iterator fli = fl.begin ();
+ fli != fl.end ();
+ ++fli)
+ {
+ functions_.push_back (function (config, *fli));
+ }
+ }
+
+ void
+ tracer::load_traces (rld::config::config& config,
+ const rld::config::section& section)
+ {
+ parse (config, section, "traces", "trace", traces);
+
+ rld::strings gens;
+ std::string gen;
+
+ parse (config, section, "traces", "generator", gens);
+
+ if (gens.size () > 1)
+ throw rld::error ("duplicate generators", "tracer: " + section.name);
+
+ if (gens.size () == 0)
+ {
+ gen =
+ config.get_section ("default-generator").get_record_item ("generator");
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ gen = gens[0];
+ }
+
+ generator_ = generator (config, gen);
+ }
+
+ void
+ tracer::generate ()
+ {
+ rld::process::tempfile c (".c");
+
+ c.open (true);
+
+ if (rld::verbose ())
+ std::cout << "wrapper C file: " << c.name () << std::endl;
+
+ try
+ {
+ c.write_line ("/*");
+ c.write_line (" * RTEMS Trace Linker Wrapper");
+ c.write_line (" * Automatically generated.");
+ c.write_line (" */");
+
+ c.write_line ("");
+ c.write_line ("/*");
+ c.write_line (" * Generator: " + generator_.name);
+ c.write_line (" */");
+ c.write_lines (generator_.defines);
+ c.write_lines (generator_.headers);
+ c.write_line ("");
+ c.write_lines (generator_.code);
+
+ generate_traces (c);
+ }
+ catch (...)
+ {
+ c.close ();
+ throw;
+ }
+
+ c.close ();
+ }
+
+ void
+ tracer::generate_traces (rld::process::tempfile& c)
+ {
+ for (functions::const_iterator fi = functions_.begin ();
+ fi != functions_.end ();
+ ++fi)
+ {
+ const function& funcs = *fi;
+
+ for (rld::strings::const_iterator ti = traces.begin ();
+ ti != traces.end ();
+ ++ti)
+ {
+ const std::string& trace = *ti;
+ signatures::const_iterator si = funcs.signatures_.find (trace);
+
+ if (si != funcs.signatures_.end ())
+ {
+ c.write_line ("");
+ c.write_line ("/*");
+ c.write_line (" * Function: " + funcs.name);
+ c.write_line (" */");
+ c.write_lines (funcs.defines);
+ c.write_lines (funcs.headers);
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+ }
+
+ c.write_line ("");
+ c.write_line ("/*");
+ c.write_line (" * Wrappers.");
+ c.write_line (" */");
+
+ for (rld::strings::const_iterator ti = traces.begin ();
+ ti != traces.end ();
+ ++ti)
+ {
+ const std::string& trace = *ti;
+ bool found = false;
+
+ for (functions::const_iterator fi = functions_.begin ();
+ fi != functions_.end ();
+ ++fi)
+ {
+ const function& funcs = *fi;
+ signatures::const_iterator si = funcs.signatures_.find (trace);
+
+ if (si != funcs.signatures_.end ())
+ {
+ found = true;
+
+ const signature& sig = (*si).second;
+
+ c.write_line("");
+ c.write_line(sig.decl ());
+ c.write_line("{");
+
+ std::string l;
+
+ /*
+ * @todo Need to define as part of the function signature if ret
+ * processing is required.
+ */
+ if (sig.ret != "void")
+ {
+ c.write_line(" " + sig.ret + " ret;");
+ l = " ret =";
+ }
+
+ l += " " + generator_.map_sym_prefix + sig.name + '(';
+ for (size_t a = 0; a < sig.args.size (); ++a)
+ {
+ if (a)
+ l += ", ";
+ l += "a" + rld::to_string ((int) (a + 1));
+ }
+ l += ");";
+ c.write_line(l);
+
+ if (sig.ret != "void")
+ {
+ c.write_line(" return ret;");
+ }
+
+ c.write_line("}");
+ }
+ }
+
+ if (!found)
+ throw rld::error ("not found", "trace function: " + trace);
+ }
+ }
+
+ void
+ tracer::dump (std::ostream& out) const
+ {
+ out << " Tracer: " << name << std::endl
+ << " BSP: " << bsp << std::endl
+ << " Traces: " << traces.size () << std::endl;
+ for (rld::strings::const_iterator ti = traces.begin ();
+ ti != traces.end ();
+ ++ti)
+ {
+ out << " " << (*ti) << std::endl;
+ }
+ out << " Functions: " << functions_.size () << std::endl;
+ for (functions::const_iterator fi = functions_.begin ();
+ fi != functions_.end ();
+ ++fi)
+ {
+ (*fi).dump (out);
+ }
+ out << " Generator: " << std::endl;
+ generator_.dump (out);
+ }
+
+ linker::linker ()
+ {
+ }
+
+ void
+ linker::load_config (const std::string& path,
+ const std::string& trace)
+ {
+ config.clear ();
+ config.load (path);
+ tracer_.load (config, trace);
+ }
+
+ void
+ linker::generate_wrapper ()
+ {
+ tracer_.generate ();
+ }
+
+ void
+ linker::dump (std::ostream& out) const
+ {
+ const rld::config::paths& cpaths = config.get_paths ();
+ out << " Configuration Files: " << cpaths.size () << std::endl;
+ for (rld::config::paths::const_iterator pi = cpaths.begin ();
+ pi != cpaths.end ();
+ ++pi)
+ {
+ out << " " << (*pi) << std::endl;
+ }
+
+ tracer_.dump (out);
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+/**
+ * RTEMS Trace Linker options. This needs to be rewritten to be like cc where
+ * only a single '-' and long options is present. Anything after '--' is passed
+ * to RTEMS's real linker.
+ */
+static struct option rld_opts[] = {
+ { "help", no_argument, NULL, 'h' },
+ { "version", no_argument, NULL, 'V' },
+ { "verbose", no_argument, NULL, 'v' },
+ { "warn", no_argument, NULL, 'w' },
+ { "keep", no_argument, NULL, 'k' },
+ { "exec-prefix", required_argument, NULL, 'E' },
+ { "march", required_argument, NULL, 'a' },
+ { "mcpu", required_argument, NULL, 'c' },
+ { "config", required_argument, NULL, 'C' },
+ { NULL, 0, NULL, 0 }
+};
+
+void
+usage (int exit_code)
+{
+ std::cout << "rtems-trace-ld [options] objects" << std::endl
+ << "Options and arguments:" << std::endl
+ << " -h : help (also --help)" << std::endl
+ << " -V : print linker version number and exit (also --version)" << std::endl
+ << " -v : verbose (trace import parts), can supply multiple times" << std::endl
+ << " to increase verbosity (also --verbose)" << std::endl
+ << " -w : generate warnings (also --warn)" << std::endl
+ << " -k : keep temporary files (also --keep)" << std::endl
+ << " -E prefix : the RTEMS tool prefix (also --exec-prefix)" << std::endl
+ << " -a march : machine architecture (also --march)" << std::endl
+ << " -c cpu : machine architecture's CPU (also --mcpu)" << std::endl
+ << " -C ini : user configuration INI file (also --config)" << std::endl;
+ ::exit (exit_code);
+}
+
+static void
+fatal_signal (int signum)
+{
+ signal (signum, SIG_DFL);
+
+ rld::process::temporaries_clean_up ();
+
+ /*
+ * Get the same signal again, this time not handled, so its normal effect
+ * occurs.
+ */
+ kill (getpid (), signum);
+}
+
+static void
+setup_signals (void)
+{
+ if (signal (SIGINT, SIG_IGN) != SIG_IGN)
+ signal (SIGINT, fatal_signal);
+#ifdef SIGHUP
+ if (signal (SIGHUP, SIG_IGN) != SIG_IGN)
+ signal (SIGHUP, fatal_signal);
+#endif
+ if (signal (SIGTERM, SIG_IGN) != SIG_IGN)
+ signal (SIGTERM, fatal_signal);
+#ifdef SIGPIPE
+ if (signal (SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN) != SIG_IGN)
+ signal (SIGPIPE, fatal_signal);
+#endif
+#ifdef SIGCHLD
+ signal (SIGCHLD, SIG_DFL);
+#endif
+}
+
+int
+main (int argc, char* argv[])
+{
+ int ec = 0;
+
+ setup_signals ();
+
+ try
+ {
+ rld::trace::linker linker;
+ std::string ld_cmd;
+ std::string configuration;
+ std::string trace = "tracer";
+ bool exec_prefix_set = false;
+#if HAVE_WARNINGS
+ bool warnings = false;
+#endif
+
+ while (true)
+ {
+ int opt = ::getopt_long (argc, argv, "hvwkVE:a:c:C:", rld_opts, NULL);
+ if (opt < 0)
+ break;
+
+ switch (opt)
+ {
+ case 'V':
+ std::cout << "rtems-trace-ld (RTEMS Trace Linker) " << rld::version ()
+ << std::endl;
+ ::exit (0);
+ break;
+
+ case 'v':
+ rld::verbose_inc ();
+ break;
+
+ case 'w':
+#if HAVE_WARNINGS
+ warnings = true;
+#endif
+ break;
+
+ case 'k':
+ rld::process::set_keep_temporary_files ();
+ break;
+
+ case 'E':
+ exec_prefix_set = true;
+ rld::cc::exec_prefix = optarg;
+ break;
+
+ case 'a':
+ rld::cc::march = optarg;
+ break;
+
+ case 'c':
+ rld::cc::mcpu = optarg;
+ break;
+
+ case 'C':
+ configuration = optarg;
+ break;
+
+ case '?':
+ usage (3);
+ break;
+
+ case 'h':
+ usage (0);
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+
+ argc -= optind;
+ argv += optind;
+
+ if (rld::verbose ())
+ std::cout << "RTEMS Trace Linker " << rld::version () << std::endl;
+
+ /*
+ * Load the remaining command line arguments into the linker command line.
+ */
+ while (argc--)
+ {
+ if (ld_cmd.length () != 0)
+ ld_cmd += " ";
+ ld_cmd += *argv++;
+ }
+
+ /*
+ * If there are no object files there is nothing to link.
+ */
+ if (ld_cmd.empty ())
+ throw rld::error ("no trace linker options", "options");
+
+ /*
+ * Perform a trace link.
+ */
+ try
+ {
+ linker.load_config (configuration, trace);
+ linker.generate_wrapper ();
+
+ if (rld::verbose ())
+ linker.dump (std::cout);
+ }
+ catch (...)
+ {
+ throw;
+ }
+
+ }
+ catch (rld::error re)
+ {
+ std::cerr << "error: "
+ << re.where << ": " << re.what
+ << std::endl;
+ ec = 10;
+ }
+ catch (std::exception e)
+ {
+ int status;
+ char* realname;
+ realname = abi::__cxa_demangle (e.what(), 0, 0, &status);
+ std::cerr << "error: exception: " << realname << " [";
+ ::free (realname);
+ const std::type_info &ti = typeid (e);
+ realname = abi::__cxa_demangle (ti.name(), 0, 0, &status);
+ std::cerr << realname << "] " << e.what () << std::endl;
+ ::free (realname);
+ ec = 11;
+ }
+ catch (...)
+ {
+ /*
+ * Helps to know if this happens.
+ */
+ std::cout << "error: unhandled exception" << std::endl;
+ ec = 12;
+ }
+
+ return ec;
+}