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authorJoel Sherrill <joel.sherrill@OARcorp.com>1998-04-13 19:43:21 +0000
committerJoel Sherrill <joel.sherrill@OARcorp.com>1998-04-13 19:43:21 +0000
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-@c
-@c COPYRIGHT (c) 1988-1998.
-@c On-Line Applications Research Corporation (OAR).
-@c All rights reserved.
-@c
-@c $Id$
-@c
-
-@chapter Introduction
-
-The purpose of this document is to guide you through the process of
-installing a GNU cross development environment to use with RTEMS.
-
-If you are already familiar with the concepts behind a cross compiler and
-have a background in Unix these instructions should provide the bare
-essentials for performing a setup of the following items:
-
-@itemize @bullet
-@item GNU C/C++ Cross Compilation Tools for RTEMS on your host system
-@item RTEMS OS for the target host
-@item GDB Debugger
-@end itemize
-
-The remainder of this chapter provides background information on real-time
-embedded systems and cross development. If you are not familiar with either
-of these areas, please read them. This will help familiarize you with the
-types of systems RTEMS is designed to be used in and the cross development
-process used when developing RTEMS applications.
-
-@section Real-Time Embedded Systems
-
-Real-time embedded systems are found in practically every facet of our
-everyday lives. Today's systems range from the common telephone, automobile
-control systems, and kitchen appliances to complex air traffic control
-systems, military weapon systems, an d production line control including
-robotics and automation. However, in the current climate of rapidly changing
-technology, it is difficult to reach a consensus on the definition of a
-real-time embedded system. Hardware costs are continuing to rapidly de cline
-while at the same time the hardware is increasing in power and functionality.
-As a result, embedded systems that were not considered viable two years ago
-are suddenly a cost effective solution. In this domain, it is not uncommon
-for a single hardware configuration to employ a variety of architectures and
-technologies. Therefore, we shall define an embedded system as any computer
-system that is built into a larger system consisting of multiple technologies
-such as digital and analog electronics, mec hanical devices, and sensors.
-
-Even as hardware platforms become more powerful, most embedded systems are
-critically dependent on the real-time software embedded in the systems
-themselves. Regardless of how efficiently the hardware operates, the
-performance of the embedded real-time s oftware determines the success of the
-system. As the complexity of the embedded hardware platform grows, so does
-the size and complexity of the embedded software. Software systems must
-routinely perform activities which were only dreamed of a short time ago.
-These large, complex, real-time embedded applications now commonly contain
-one million lines of code or more.
-
-Real-time embedded systems have a complex set of characteristics that
-distinguish them from other software applications. Real-time embedded
-systems are driven by and must respond to real world events while adhering to
-rigorous requirements imposed by the environment with which they interact.
-The correctness of the system depends not only on the results of
-computations, but also on the time at which the results are produced. The
-most important and complex characteristic of real-time application systems is
-that they must receive and respond to a set of external stimuli within rigid
-and critical time constraints.
-
-A single real-time application can be composed of both soft and hard
-real-time components. A typical example of a hard real-time system is a
-nuclear reactor control system that must not only detect failures, but must
-also respond quickly enough to prevent a meltdown. This application also has
-soft real-time requirements because it may involve a man-machine interface.
-Providing an interactive input to the control system is not as critical as
-setting off an alarm to indicate a failure condition. However, th e
-interactive system component must respond within an acceptable time limit to
-allow the operator to interact efficiently with the control system.
-
-@section Cross Development
-
-Today almost all real-time embedded software systems are developed in a
-@b{cross development} environment using cross development tools. In the cross
-development environment, software development activities are typically
-performed on one computer system, the @b{host} system, while the result of the
-development effort (produced by the cross tools) is a software system that
-executes on the @b{target} platform. The requirements for the target platform are
-usually incompatible and quite often in direct conflict with the requirements
-for the host. Moreover, the target hardware is often custom designed for a
-particular project. This means that the cross development toolset must allow
-the developer to customize the tools to address target specific run-time
-issues. The toolset must have provisions for board dependent initialization
-code, device drivers, and error handling code.
-
-The host computer is optimized to support the code development cycle with
-support for code editors, compilers, and linkers requiring large disk drives,
-user development windows, and multiple developer connections. Thus the host
-computer is typically a traditional UNIX workstation such as are available
-from SUN or Silicon Graphics, or a PC running either a version of MS-Windows
-or UNIX. The host system may also be required to execute office productivity
-applications to allow the software developer to write documentation, make
-presentations, or track the project's progress using a project management
-tool. This necessitates that the host computer be general purpose with
-resources such as a thirty-two or sixty-four bit processor, large amounts of
-RAM, a monitor, mouse, keyboard, hard and floppy disk drives, CD-ROM drive,
-and a graphics card. It is likely that the system will be multimedia capable
-and have some networking capability.
-
-Conversely, the target platform generally has limited traditional computer
-resources. The hardware is designed for the particular functionality and
-requirements of the embedded system and optimized to perform those tasks
-effectively. Instead of hard driverss and keyboards, it is composed of
-sensors, relays, and stepper motors. The per-unit cost of the target platform
-is typically a critical concern. No hardware component is included without
-being cost justified. As a result, the processor of the target system is
-often from a different processor family than that of the host system and
-usually has lower performance. In addition to the processor families
-targeted only for use in embedded systems, there are versions of nearly every
-general-purpose process or specifically tailored for real-time embedded
-systems. For example, many of the processors targeting the embedded market
-do not include hardware floating point units, but do include peripherals such
-as timers, serial controllers, or network interfaces.
-
-
-