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+@c
+@c  Written by Eric Norum
+@c
+@c  COPYRIGHT (c) 1988-1998.
+@c  On-Line Applications Research Corporation (OAR).
+@c  All rights reserved.
+@c
+@c  $Id$
+@c
+
+@chapter Networking Driver
+
+@section Introduction
+
+This chapter is intended to provide an introduction to the
+procedure for writing RTEMS network device drivers.
+The example code is taken from the `Generic 68360' network device
+driver.  The source code for this driver is located in the
+@code{c/src/lib/libbsp/m68k/gen68360/network} directory in the RTEMS
+source code distribution.  You should have a copy of this driver at
+hand when reading the following notes.
+
+@section Learn about the network device 
+
+Before starting to write the network driver you need to be completely
+familiar with the programmer's view of the device.
+The following points list some of the details of the
+device that must be understood before a driver can be written.
+
+@itemize @bullet
+
+@item Does the device use DMA to transfer packets to and from
+memory or does the processor have to
+copy packets to and from memory on the device?
+
+@item If the device uses DMA, is it capable of forming a single
+outtoing packet from multiple fragments scattered in separate
+memory buffers?
+
+@item If the device uses DMA, is it capable of chaining multiple
+outgoing packets, or does each outgoing packet require
+intervention by the driver?
+
+@item Does the device automatically pad short frames to the minimum
+64 bytes or does the driver have to supply the padding?
+
+@item Does the device automatically retry a transmission on detection
+of a collision?
+
+@item If the device uses DMA, is it capable of buffering multiple
+packets to memory, or does the receiver have to be restarted
+after the arrival of each packet?
+
+@item How are packets that are too short, too long, or received with
+CRC errors handled?  Does the device automatically continue
+reception or does the driver have to intervene?
+
+@item How is the device Ethernet address set?  How is the device
+programmed to accept or reject broadcast and multicast packets?
+
+@item What interrupts does the device generate?  Does it generate an
+interrupt for each incoming packet, or only for packets received
+without error?  Does it generate an interrupt for each packet
+transmitted, or only when the transmit queue is empty?  What
+happens when a transmit error is detected?
+
+@end itemize
+
+In addition, some controllers have specific questions regarding 
+board specific configuration.  For example, the SONIC Ethernet
+controller has a very configurable data bus interface.  It can
+even be configured for sixteen and thirty-two bit data buses.  This
+type of information should be obtained from the board vendor.
+
+@section Understand the network scheduling conventions
+
+When writing code for your driver transmit and receive tasks you must
+take care to follow the network scheduling conventions.  All tasks
+which are associated with networking share various
+data structures and resources.  To ensure the consistency
+of these structures the tasks
+execute only when they hold the network semaphore (@code{rtems_bsdnet_semaphore}).
+Your transmit and receive tasks must abide by this protocol which means you must
+be careful to avoid `deadly embraces' with the other network tasks.
+A number of routines are provided to make it easier for your code
+to conform to the network task scheduling conventions.
+
+@itemize @bullet
+
+@item @code{void rtems_bsdnet_semaphore_release(void)}
+
+This function releases the network semaphore.
+Your task must call this function immediately before
+making any blocking RTEMS request.
+
+@item @code{void rtems_bsdnet_semaphore_obtain(void)}
+
+This function obtains the network semaphore.
+If your task has released the network semaphore to allow other
+network-related tasks to run while your task blocks you must call this
+function to reobtain the semaphore immediately after the return from the
+blocking RTEMS request.
+
+@item @code{rtems_bsdnet_event_receive(rtems_event_set, rtems_option, rtems_interval, rtems_event_set *)}
+Your task should call this function when it wishes to wait for an event.
+This function releases the network semaphore,
+calls @code{rtems_event_receive} to wait for the specified event
+or events and reobtains the semaphore.
+The value returned is the value returned by the @code{rtems_event_receive}.
+
+@end itemize
+
+@section Write your driver attach function
+The driver attach function is responsible for configuring the driver
+and making the connection between the network stack
+and the driver.
+
+Driver attach functions take a pointer to an
+@code{rtems_bsdnet_ifconfig} structure as their only argument.
+and set the driver parameters based on the
+values in this structure.  If an entry in the configuration
+structure is zero the attach function chooses an
+appropriate default value for that parameter.
+
+
+The driver should then set up several fields in the ifnet structure
+in the device-dependent data structure supplied and maintained by the driver:
+
+@table @code
+@item ifp->if_softc 
+Pointer to the device-dependent data.  The first entry
+in the device-dependent data structure must be an @code{arpcom}
+structure.
+
+@item ifp->if_name
+The name of the device.  The network stack uses this string
+and the device number for device name lookups.  The name should not
+contain digits as these will be assumed to be part of the unit number
+and not part of the device name.
+
+
+@item ifp->if_unit
+The device number.  The network stack uses this number and the
+device name for device name lookups.  For example, if
+@code{ifp->if_name} is @samp{scc}, and @code{ifp->if_unit} is @samp{1},
+the full device name would be @samp{scc1}.
+
+@item ifp->if_mtu
+The maximum transmission unit for the device.  For Ethernet
+devices this value should almost always be 1500.
+
+@item ifp->if_flags
+The device flags.  Ethernet devices should set the flags
+to @code{IFF_BROADCAST|IFF_SIMPLEX}, indicating that the
+device can broadcast packets to multiple destinations
+and does not receive and transmit at the same time.
+
+@item ifp->if_snd.ifq_maxlen
+The maximum length of the queue of packets waiting to be
+sent to the driver.  This is normally set to @code{ifqmaxlen}.
+
+@item ifp->if_init
+The address of the driver initialization function.
+
+@item ifp->if_start
+The address of the driver start function.
+
+@item ifp->if_ioctl
+The address of the driver ioctl function.
+
+@item ifp->if_output
+The address of the output function.  Ethernet devices
+should set this to @code{ether_output}.
+@end table
+
+Once the attach function  has set up the above entries it must link the
+driver data structure onto the list of devices by
+calling @code{if_attach}.  Ethernet devices should then
+call @code{ether_ifattach}.  Both functions take a pointer to the
+device's @code{ifnet} structure as their only argument.
+
+The attach function should return a non-zero value to indicate that
+the driver has been successfully configured and attached.
+
+
+
+
+@section Write your driver start function.
+This function is called each time the network stack wants to start the
+transmitter.  This occures whenever the network stack adds a packet
+to a device's send queue and the @code{IFF_OACTIVE} bit in the
+device's @code{if_flags} is not set.
+
+For many devices this function need only set the @code{IFF_OACTIVE} bit in the
+@code{if_flags} and send an event to the transmit task
+indicating that a packet is in the driver transmit queue.
+
+
+@section Write your driver initialization function.
+This function should initialize the device, attach to interrupt handler, 
+and start the driver transmit and receive tasks.  The function
+
+@example
+rtems_id
+rtems_bsdnet_newproc (char *name,
+		      int stacksize,
+		      void(*entry)(void *),
+		      void *arg);
+@end example
+
+should be used to start the driver tasks.
+
+Note that the network stack may call the driver initialization function more
+than once.
+Make sure you don't start multiple versions of the receive and transmit tasks.
+
+
+
+@section Write your driver transmit task.
+This task is reponsible for removing packets from the driver send queue and sending them to the device.  The task should block waiting for an event from the
+driver start function indicating that packets are waiting to be transmitted.
+When the transmit task has drained the driver send queue the task should clear
+the @code{IFF_OACTIVE} bit in @code{if_flags} and block until another outgoing
+packet is queued.
+
+
+@section Write your driver receive task.
+This task should block until a packet arrives from the device.  If the
+device is an Ethernet interface the function @code{ether_input} should be called
+to forward the packet to the network stack.   The arguments to @code{ether_input}
+are a pointer to the interface data structure, a pointer to the ethernet
+header and a pointer to an mbuf containing the packet itself.
+
+
+
+
+@section Write your driver interrupt handler.
+A typical interrupt handler will do nothing more than the hardware
+manipulation required to acknowledge the interrupt and send an RTEMS event
+to wake up the driver receive or transmit task waiting for the event.
+Network interface interrupt handlers must not make any calls to other
+network routines.
+
+
+
+@section Write your driver ioctl function.
+This function handles ioctl requests directed at the device.  The ioctl
+commands which must be handled are:
+
+@table @code
+@item SIOCGIFADDR
+@item SIOCSIFADDR
+If the device is an Ethernet interface these
+commands should be passed on to @code{ether_ioctl}.
+
+@item SIOCSIFFLAGS
+This command should be used to start or stop the device,
+depending on the state of the interface @code{IFF_UP} and
+@code{IFF_RUNNING} bits in @code{if_flags}:
+@table @code
+@item IFF_RUNNING
+Stop the device.
+
+@item IFF_UP
+Start the device.
+
+@item IFF_UP|IFF_RUNNING
+Stop then start the device.
+
+@item 0
+Do nothing.
+
+@end table
+@end table
+
+
+
+@section Write Your Driver Statistic-Printing Function
+This function should print the values of any statistic/diagnostic
+counters your driver may use.  The driver ioctl function should call
+the statistic-printing function when the ioctl command is
+@code{SIO_RTEMS_SHOW_STATS}.
+
+