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+:orphan:
+
+
+
+.. COMMENT: %**end of header
+
+.. COMMENT: COPYRIGHT (c) 1989-2013.
+
+.. COMMENT: On-Line Applications Research Corporation (OAR).
+
+.. COMMENT: All rights reserved.
+
+.. COMMENT: Master file
+
+.. COMMENT: Joel's Questions
+
+.. COMMENT: 1. Why does paragraphindent only impact makeinfo?
+
+.. COMMENT: 2. Why does paragraphindent show up in HTML?
+
+.. COMMENT: COPYRIGHT (c) 1988-2002.
+
+.. COMMENT: On-Line Applications Research Corporation (OAR).
+
+.. COMMENT: All rights reserved.
+
+.. COMMENT: The following determines which set of the tables and figures we will use.
+
+.. COMMENT: We default to ASCII but if available TeX or HTML versions will
+
+.. COMMENT: be used instead.
+
+.. COMMENT: @clear use-html
+
+.. COMMENT: @clear use-tex
+
+.. COMMENT: The following variable says to use texinfo or html for the two column
+
+.. COMMENT: texinfo tables. For somethings the format does not look good in html.
+
+.. COMMENT: With our adjustment to the left column in TeX, it nearly always looks
+
+.. COMMENT: good printed.
+
+.. COMMENT: Custom whitespace adjustments. We could fiddle a bit more.
+
+.. COMMENT: variable substitution info:
+
+.. COMMENT: @set LANGUAGE C
+
+.. COMMENT: the language is @value{LANGUAGE}
+
+.. COMMENT: NOTE: don't use underscore in the name
+
+.. COMMENT: Title Page Stuff
+
+.. COMMENT: I don't really like having a short title page. -joel
+
+.. COMMENT: @shorttitlepage RTEMS Development Environment Guide
+
+===================================
+RTEMS Development Environment Guide
+===================================
+
+.. COMMENT: COPYRIGHT (c) 1988-2015.
+
+.. COMMENT: On-Line Applications Research Corporation (OAR).
+
+.. COMMENT: All rights reserved.
+
+.. COMMENT: The following puts a space somewhere on an otherwise empty page so we
+
+.. COMMENT: can force the copyright description onto a left hand page.
+
+COPYRIGHT © 1988 - 2015.
+
+On-Line Applications Research Corporation (OAR).
+
+The authors have used their best efforts in preparing
+this material. These efforts include the development, research,
+and testing of the theories and programs to determine their
+effectiveness. No warranty of any kind, expressed or implied,
+with regard to the software or the material contained in this
+document is provided. No liability arising out of the
+application or use of any product described in this document is
+assumed. The authors reserve the right to revise this material
+and to make changes from time to time in the content hereof
+without obligation to notify anyone of such revision or changes.
+
+The RTEMS Project is hosted at http://www.rtems.org. Any
+inquiries concerning RTEMS, its related support components, or its
+documentation should be directed to the Community Project hosted athttp://www.rtems.org.
+
+Any inquiries for commercial services including training, support, custom
+development, application development assistance should be directed tohttp://www.rtems.com.
+
+.. COMMENT: This prevents a black box from being printed on "overflow" lines.
+
+.. COMMENT: The alternative is to rework a sentence to avoid this problem.
+
+RTEMS Development Environment Guide
+###################################
+
+.. COMMENT: COPYRIGHT (c) 1989-2011.
+
+.. COMMENT: On-Line Applications Research Corporation (OAR).
+
+.. COMMENT: All rights reserved.
+
+Introduction
+############
+
+This document describes the RTEMS development
+environment. Discussions are provided for the following topics:
+
+- the directory structure used by RTEMS,
+
+- usage of the GNU Make utility within the RTEMS
+ development environment,
+
+- sample applications, and
+
+- the RTEMS specific utilities.
+
+RTEMS was designed as a reusable software component.
+Highly reusable software such as RTEMS is typically distributed
+in the form of source code without providing any support tools.
+RTEMS is the foundation for a complex family of facilities
+including board support packages, device drivers, and support
+libraries. The RTEMS Development Environment is not a CASE
+tool. It is a collection of tools designed to reduce the
+complexity of using and enhancing the RTEMS family. Tools are
+provided which aid in the management of the development,
+maintenance, and usage of RTEMS, its run-time support
+facilities, and applications which utilize the executive.
+
+A key component of the RTEMS development environment
+is the GNU family of free tools. This is robust set of
+development and POSIX compatible tools for which source code is
+freely available. The primary compilers, assemblers, linkers,
+and make utility used by the RTEMS development team are the GNU
+tools. They are highly portable supporting a wide variety of
+host computers and, in the case of the development tools, a wide
+variety of target processors.
+
+It is recommended that the RTEMS developer become
+familiar with the RTEMS Development Environment before
+proceeding with any modifications to the executive source tree.
+The source code for the executive is very modular and source
+code is divided amongst directories based upon functionality as
+well as dependencies on CPU and target board. This organization
+is aimed at isolating and minimizing non-portable code. This
+has the immediate result that adding support for a new CPU or
+target board requires very little "wandering" around the source
+tree.
+
+.. COMMENT: COPYRIGHT (c) 1989-2010.
+
+.. COMMENT: On-Line Applications Research Corporation (OAR).
+
+.. COMMENT: All rights reserved.
+
+Directory Structure
+###################
+
+The RTEMS directory structure is designed to meet
+the following requirements:
+
+- encourage development of modular components.
+
+- isolate processor and target dependent code, while
+ allowing as much common source code as possible to be shared
+ across multiple processors and target boards.
+
+- allow multiple RTEMS users to perform simultaneous
+ compilation of RTEMS and its support facilities for different
+ processors and targets.
+
+The resulting directory structure has processor and
+board dependent source files isolated from generic files. When
+RTEMS is configured and built, object directories and
+an install point will be automatically created based upon
+the target CPU family and BSP selected.
+
+The placement of object files based upon the selected BSP name
+ensures that object files are not mixed across CPUs or targets.
+This in combination with the makefiles allows the specific
+compilation options to be tailored for a particular target
+board. For example, the efficiency of the memory subsystem for
+a particular target board may be sensitive to the alignment of
+data structures, while on another target board with the same
+processor memory may be very limited. For the first target, the
+options could specify very strict alignment requirements, while
+on the second the data structures could be *packed* to conserve
+memory. It is impossible to achieve this degree of flexibility
+without providing source code.
+
+The RTEMS source tree is organized based on the following variables:
+
+- functionality,
+
+- target processor family,
+
+- target processor model,
+
+- peripherals, and
+
+- target board.
+
+Each of the following sections will describe the
+contents of the directories in the RTEMS source
+tree. The top of the tree will be referenced
+as ``${RTEMS_ROOT}`` in this discussion.
+
+.. COMMENT: Top Level Tree
+
+.. COMMENT: @ifset use-ascii
+.. code:: c
+
+ rtems-VERSION
+ |
+ +--------+----+----+----+--+-----+---+-------+--------+
+ | | | | | | | | |
+ aclocal automake c contrib cpukit doc make testsuites tools
+
+.. COMMENT: @end ifset
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/aclocal/``
+ This directory contains the custom M4 macros which are available to
+ the various GNU autoconf ``configure.ac`` scripts throughout
+ the RTEMS source tree. GNU autoconf interprets ``configure.ac``
+ files to produce the ``configure`` files used to tailor
+ RTEMS build for a particular host and target environment. The
+ contents of this directory will not be discussed further in this
+ document.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/automake/``
+ This directory contains the custom GNU automake fragments
+ which are used to support the various ``Makefile.am``
+ files throughout the RTEMS source tree. The
+ contents of this directory will not be discussed
+ further in this document.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/c/``
+ This directory is the root of the portions of the RTEMS source
+ tree which must be built tailored for a particular CPU model
+ or BSP. The contents of this directory will be discussed
+ in the `c/ Directory`_ section.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/contrib/``
+ This directory contains contributed support software. Currently
+ this directory contains the RPM specifications for cross-compilers
+ hosted on GNU/Linux that target various operating systems
+ including MinGW, Cygwin, FreeBSD, and Solaris. The
+ cross-compilers produced using these specifications are then
+ used in a Canadian cross build procedure to produce the various
+ RTEMS toolsets on a GNU/Linux host.
+ This directory also contains RPM specifications for the
+ prebuilt cross-compilation toolsets provided by the
+ RTEMS project. There are separate subdirectories
+ for each of the components in the RTEMS Cross Compilation
+ Environment unde the ``contrib/crossrpms/`` directory.
+ This directory is configured, built, and installed separately
+ from the RTEMS executive and tests. This directory will not
+ be discussed further in this document.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/cpukit/``
+ This directory is the root for all of the "multilib’able"
+ portions of RTEMS. This is a GNU way of saying the
+ contents of this directory can be compiled like the
+ C Library (``libc.a``) and the functionality is
+ neither CPU model nor BSP specific. The source code
+ for most RTEMS services reside under this directory.
+ The contents of this directory will be discussed
+ in the `CPU Kit Directory`_ section.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/doc/``
+ This directory is the root for all RTEMS documentation.
+ The source for RTEMS is written in GNU TeXinfo and
+ used to produce HTML, PDF, and "info" files.
+ The RTEMS documentation is configured, built,
+ and installed separately from the RTEMS executive and tests.
+ The contents of this directory will be discussed
+ in the `Documentation Directory`_ section.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/make/``
+ This directory contains files which support the
+ RTEMS Makefile’s. From a user’s perspective, the
+ most important parts are found in the ``custom/``
+ subdirectory. Each ".cfg" file in this directory
+ is associated with a specific BSP and describes
+ the CPU model, compiler flags, and procedure to
+ produce an executable for the target board.
+ These files are described in detail in the*RTEMS BSP and Device Driver Development Guide*
+ and will not be discussed further in this document.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/testsuites/``
+ This directory contains the test suites for the
+ various RTEMS APIs and support libraries. The
+ contents of this directory are discussed in the `testsuites/ Test Suites`_ section.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/tools/``
+ This directory contains RTEMS specific support utilities which
+ execute on the development host. These utilities are divided
+ into subdirectories based upon whether they are used in the process
+ of building RTEMS and applications, are CPU specific, or are
+ used to assist in updating the RTEMS source tree and applications.
+ The support utilities used in the process of building RTEMS are
+ described in `RTEMS Specific Utilities`_. These are the
+ only components of this subtree that will be discussed in this
+ document.
+
+.. COMMENT: c/ Directions
+
+c/ Directory
+============
+
+The ``${RTEMS_ROOT}/c/`` directory was formerly
+the root directory of all RTEMS source code. At this time, it contains
+the root directory for only those RTEMS components
+which must be compiled or linked in a way that is specific to a
+particular CPU model or board. This directory contains the
+following subdirectories:
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/c/src/``
+ This directory is logically the root for the RTEMS components
+ which are CPU model or board dependent. Thus this directory
+ is the root for the BSPs and the Ada Test Suites as well
+ as CPU model and BSP dependent libraries. The contents of
+ this directory are discussed in the `c/src/ Directory`_ section.
+
+.. COMMENT: c/src/ Directory
+
+c/src/ Directory
+----------------
+
+As mentioned previously, this directory is logically
+the root for the RTEMS components
+which are CPU model or board dependent. The
+following is a list of the subdirectories in this
+directory and a description of each.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/c/src/aclocal/``
+ This directory contains the custom M4 macros which are available to
+ the various GNU autoconf ``configure.ac`` scripts throughout
+ this portion of the RTEMS source tree. GNU autoconf interprets``configure.ac`` files to produce the ``configure`` files used
+ to tailor RTEMS build for a particular host and target environment. The
+ contents of this directory will not be discussed further in this
+ document.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/c/src/ada/``
+ This directory contains the Ada95 language bindings to the
+ RTEMS Classic API.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/c/src/ada-tests/``
+ This directory contains the test suite for the Ada
+ language bindings to the Classic API.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/c/src/automake/``
+ This directory contains files which are "Makefile fragments."
+ They are included as required by the various ``Makefile.am``
+ files throughout this portion of the RTEMS source tree.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/c/src/lib/``
+ This directory contains the directories ``libbsp/``
+ and ``libcpu/`` which contain the source code for
+ the Board Support Packages (BSPs) and CPU Model
+ specific source code for RTEMS.
+ The ``libbsp/`` is organized based upon the CPU
+ family and boards BSPs. The contents of ``libbsp/``
+ are discussed briefly in `c/src/lib/libbsp BSP Directory`_
+ and presented in detail in the*RTEMS BSP and Device Driver Development Guide*.
+ The ``libcpu/`` directory is also organized by
+ CPU family with further divisions based upon CPU
+ model and features that are shared across CPU models
+ such as caching and DMA.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/c/src/libchip/``
+ This directory contains device drivers for various
+ peripheral chips which are designed to be CPU and
+ board dependent. This directory contains a variety
+ of drivers for serial devices, network interface
+ controllers, shared memory and real-time clocks.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/c/src/librtems++/``
+ This directory contains C++ classes which map to the RTEMS
+ Classic API.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/c/src/make/``
+ This directory is used to generate the bulk of the supporting
+ rules files which are installed as part of the Application Makefiles.
+ This file contains settings for various Makefile variables to
+ tailor them to the particular CPU model and BSP configured.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/c/src/nfsclient/``
+ This directory contains a Network File System (NFS) client
+ for RTEMS. With this file system, a user’s application can
+ access files on a remote computer.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/c/src/optman/``
+ This directory contains stubs for the RTEMS Classic API
+ Managers which are considered optional and whose use
+ may be explicitly forbidden by an application. All of the
+ directive implementations in this Optional Managers
+ return ``E_NOTCONFIGURED``.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/c/src/support/``
+ This directory exists solely to generate the RTEMS
+ version string which includes the RTEMS version,
+ CPU architecture, CPU model, and BSP name.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/c/src/wrapup/``
+ This directory is responsible for taking the individual
+ libraries and objects built in each of the components
+ in the RTEMS source tree and bundling them together to form
+ the single RTEMS library ``librtemsbsp.a``. This
+ library contains all BSP and CPU model specific software.
+
+.. COMMENT: c/src/lib/libbsp BSP Directory
+
+c/src/lib/libbsp BSP Directory
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The "libbsp" directory contains a directory for each CPU family supported
+by RTEMS. Beneath each CPU directory is a directory for each BSP for that
+processor family.
+
+.. COMMENT: Tree 7 - C BSP Library
+
+The "libbsp" directory provides all the BSPs provided with this
+release of the RTEMS executive. The subdirectories are
+divided, as discussed previously, based on specific processor
+family, then further broken down into specific target board
+environments. The "no_cpu" subdirectory provides a starting point
+template BSP which can be used to develop a specific BSP for an
+unsupported target board. The files in this subdirectory may aid
+in preliminary testing of the RTEMS development environment that has
+been built for no particular target in mind.
+
+Below each CPU dependent directory is a directory for each target BSP
+supported in this release.
+
+Each BSP provides the modules which comprise an RTEMS BSP. The
+modules are separated into the subdirectories "clock", "console",
+"include", "shmsupp", "startup", and "timer" as shown in the following
+figure:
+
+.. COMMENT: Tree 8 - Each BSP
+
+.. COMMENT: @ifset use-ascii
+.. code:: c
+
+ Each BSP
+ |
+ +-----------+----------+-----+-----+----------+----------+
+ | | | | | |
+ clock console include shmsupp startup timer
+
+.. COMMENT: @end ifset
+
+.. COMMENT: CPU Kit Directory
+
+CPU Kit Directory
+=================
+
+.. COMMENT: The @code{cpukit/} directory structure is as follows:
+
+.. COMMENT: CPU Kit Tree
+
+.. COMMENT: @ifset use-ascii
+
+.. COMMENT: @example
+
+.. COMMENT: @group
+
+.. COMMENT: cpukit
+
+.. COMMENT: |
+
+.. COMMENT: +-+-+-+-+
+
+.. COMMENT: | | | | |
+
+.. COMMENT: posix rtems sapi score wrapup
+
+.. COMMENT: @end group
+
+.. COMMENT: @end example
+
+.. COMMENT: @end ifset
+
+The ``cpukit/`` directory contains a set of subdirectories which
+contains the source files comprising the executive portion of
+the RTEMS development environment as well as portable support
+libraries such as support for the C Library and filesystems.
+The API specific and "SuperCore" (e.g. ``score/`` directory)
+source code files are separated into distinct directory trees.
+
+The following is a description of each of the subdirectories
+under ``cpukit/``:
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/cpukit/aclocal/``
+ This directory contains the custom M4 macros which are available to
+ the various GNU autoconf ``configure.ac`` scripts throughout
+ the CPU Kit portion of the RTEMS source tree.
+ GNU autoconf interprets ``configure.ac``
+ files to produce the ``configure`` files used to tailor
+ RTEMS build for a particular host and target environment. The
+ contents of this directory will not be discussed further in this
+ document.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/cpukit/automake/``
+ This directory contains files which are "Makefile fragments."
+ They are included as required by the various ``Makefile.am``
+ files throughout the CPU Kit portion of the RTEMS source tree.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/cpukit/ftpd/``
+ This directory contains the RTEMS ftpd server.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/cpukit/httpd/``
+ This directory contains the port of the GoAhead
+ web server to RTEMS.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/cpukit/include/``
+ This directory contains header files which are private to
+ RTEMS and not considered to be owned by any other component
+ in the CPU Kit.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/cpukit/libblock/``
+ This directory contains support code for using
+ Block Devices such as hard drives, floppies, and
+ CD-ROMs. It includes the generic IO primitives
+ for block device drivers, disk caching support,
+ and a RAM disk block device driver.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/cpukit/libcsupport/``
+ This directory contains the RTEMS specific support routines
+ for the Newlib C Library. This includes what are referred
+ to as system calls and found in section 2 of the traditional
+ UNIX manual. In addition, it contains a thread-safe
+ implementation of the Malloc family of routines as well
+ as BSD and POSIX services not found in Newlib.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/cpukit/libfs/``
+ This directory contains the various non-networked
+ filesystem implementations for RTEMS. It includes
+ the In-Memory FileSystem (IMFS), the mini-IMFS,
+ and FAT filesystems.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/cpukit/libi2c/``
+ This directory contains the RTEMS I2C framework.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/cpukit/libmd/``
+ This directory contains a port of the standard MD5
+ checksum code.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/c/src/libmisc/``
+ This directory contains support facilities which
+ are RTEMS specific but otherwise unclassified. In
+ general, they do not adhere to a standard API.
+ Among the support facilities in this directory are
+ a ``/dev/null`` device driver, the Stack
+ Overflow Checker, a mini-shell, the CPU and
+ rate monotonic period usage monitoring libraries,
+ and a utility to "dump a buffer" in a nicely
+ formatted way similar to many ROM monitors.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/cpukit/libnetworking/``
+ This directory contains the port of the FreeBSD
+ TCP/IP stack to RTEMS.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/cpukit/librpc/``
+ This directory contains the port of the FreeBSD
+ RPC/XDR source to RTEMS.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/cpukit/libpci/``
+ This directory contains RTEMS PCI Library.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/cpukit/posix/``
+ This directory contains the RTEMS implementation
+ of the threading portions of the POSIX API.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/cpukit/pppd/``
+ This directory contains a port of the free implementation
+ of the PPPD network protocol.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/cpukit/rtems/``
+ This directory contains the implementation of the
+ Classic API.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/cpukit/sapi/``
+ This directory contains the implementation of RTEMS
+ services which are required but beyond the realm
+ of any standardization efforts. It includes
+ initialization, shutdown, and IO services.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/cpukit/score/``
+ This directory contains the "SuperCore" of RTEMS.
+ All APIs are implemented in terms of SuperCore services.
+ For example, Classic API tasks and POSIX threads
+ are all implemented in terms of SuperCore threads.
+ This provides a common infrastructure and a high degree
+ of interoperability between the APIs. For example,
+ services from all APIs may be used by any task/thread
+ independent of the API used to create it.
+ Within the ``score/`` directory the CPU dependent modules are found.
+ The ``score/cpu/`` subdirectory contains a subdirectory for each
+ target CPU supported by this release of the RTEMS
+ executive. Each processor directory contains the CPU dependent
+ code necessary to host RTEMS. The ``no_cpu`` directory provides a
+ starting point for developing a new port to an unsupported
+ processor. The files contained within the ``no_cpu`` directory
+ may also be used as a reference for the other ports to specific
+ processors.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/cpukit/shttpd/``
+ This directory contains the port of the Simple HTTPD
+ web server to RTEMS.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/cpukit/telnetd/``
+ This directory contains the RTEMS telnetd server.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/cpukit/wrapup/``
+ This directory is responsible for taking the individual
+ libraries and objects built in each of the components
+ in the RTEMS CPU Kit source tree and bundling them
+ together to form the single RTEMS library ``librtemscpu.a``. This
+ library contains all BSP and CPU model specific software.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/cpukit/zlib/``
+ This directory contains a port of the GNU Zlib compression
+ library to RTEMS.
+
+.. COMMENT: testsuites/ Test Suites
+
+testsuites/ Test Suites
+=======================
+
+This directory provides all of the RTEMS Test Suite
+except those for the Classic API Ada95 binding
+This includes the single processor tests, multiprocessor tests,
+timing tests, library tests, and sample tests. Additionally,
+subdirectories for support functions and test related header
+files are provided. The following table lists the test suites
+currently included with the RTEMS and the directory in which
+they may be located:
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/testsuites/libtests/``
+ This directory contains the test suite for the
+ various RTEMS support components.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/testsuites/mptests/``
+ This directory contains the test suite for the
+ multiprocessor support in the Classic API.
+ The tests provided address two node configurations
+ and provide coverage for the multiprocessor code found
+ in RTEMS.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/testsuites/psxtests/``
+ This directory contains the test suite for the
+ RTEMS POSIX API.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/testsuites/samples/``
+ This directory provides sample application tests
+ which aid in the testing a newly built RTEMS environment, a new
+ BSP, or as starting points for the development of an application
+ using the RTEMS executive. They are discussed in `Sample Applications`_.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/testsuites/sptests/``
+ This directory contains the test suite for the RTEMS
+ Classic API when executing on a single processor.
+ The tests were originally designed to provide
+ near complete test coverage for the entire
+ executive code. With the addition of multiple APIs,
+ this is no longer the case as some SuperCore functionality
+ is not available through the Classic API. Thus
+ some functionality in the SuperCore is only covered
+ by tests in the POSIX API Test Suites.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/testsuites/support/``
+ This directory contains support software and header files
+ for the various test suites.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/testsuites/tmtests/``
+ This directory contains the timing test suite for
+ the RTEMS Classic API. This include tests that
+ benchmark each directive in the Classic API
+ as well as a set of critical SuperCore functions.
+ These tests are important for helping to verify
+ that RTEMS performs as expected on your target hardware.
+ It is not uncommon to discover mistakes in board
+ initialization such as caching being disabled as
+ a side-effect of analyzing the results of these tests.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/testsuites/tools/``
+ This directory contains tools which execute on
+ the development host and aid in executing and
+ evaluating the results of the test suite. The
+ tools ``difftest`` compares the output of one
+ or more tests with the expected output. If you
+ place the output of all the ``tmtests/`` in
+ a single file, then the utility ``sorttimes``
+ will be able to produce a report organizing the
+ execution times by manager.
+
+.. COMMENT: Documentation Directory
+
+Documentation Directory
+=======================
+
+This directory contains the source code for all RTEMS documentation
+in ``TexInfo`` format as well as utilities used in the generation
+of the RTEMS documentation set. This source code is used to produce
+the RTEMS documentation in various formats including PDF, HTML,
+and PostScript.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/doc/ada_user/``
+ This directory contains the source code for the *RTEMS
+ Applications Ada User’s Guide* which documents the Ada95
+ binding to the Classic API. This manual is produced from
+ from the same source base as the *RTEMS Application
+ C User’s Guide*.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/doc/bsp_howto/``
+ This directory contains the source code for the*RTEMS BSP and Device Driver Development Guide*.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/doc/common/``
+ This directory contains the source code for the files which
+ are shared across multiple manuals in the RTEMS Documentation Set.
+ This includes the copyright page as well as the timing
+ tables which can be filled in on a per BSP basis in the
+ CPU supplements.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/doc/cpu_supplement/``
+ This directory contains the source code for the
+ RTEMS CPU Supplement.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/doc/develenv/``
+ This directory contains the source code for the*RTEMS Development Environment Guide*. This is
+ the document you are currently reading.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/doc/filesystem/``
+ This directory contains the source code for the*RTEMS Filesystem Design Guide*. This manual
+ is a continuous work in process as it attempts to
+ capture the design of the interface between system
+ calls and filesystem implementations as well as the
+ information required by those implementing filesystems.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/doc/images/``
+ This directory contains the source code for the graphics
+ used in the HTML version of the RTEMS Documentation.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/doc/networking/``
+ This directory contains the source code for the*RTEMS Network Supplement*.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/doc/new_chapters/``
+ This directory contains the source code for the new documentation
+ components which have not yet been collected into a new manual or
+ merged into an existing document. Currently, this primarily
+ contains draft documentation for some portions of
+ the facilities implemented in ``${RTEMS_ROOT}/c/src/libmisc/``.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/doc/porting/``
+ This directory contains the source code for the*RTEMS Porting Guide*.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/doc/posix1003.1/``
+ This directory contains the source code for the*RTEMS POSIX 1003.1 Compliance Guide*.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/doc/posix_users/``
+ This directory contains the source code for the*RTEMS POSIX API User’s Guide*. It is important to
+ note that RTEMS’ support for POSIX is a combination of
+ functionality provided by RTEMS and the Newlib C Library
+ so some functionality is documented by Newlib.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/doc/relnotes/``
+ This directory contains the source code for a formally
+ release notes document. This has not been used for
+ recent RTEMS releases.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/doc/started/``
+ This directory contains the source code for the*Getting Started with RTEMS for C/C++ Users* manual.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/doc/tools/``
+ This directory contains the source code for the tools
+ used on the development host to assist in producing the
+ RTEMS Documentation. The most important of these tools
+ is ``bmenu`` which generates the hierarchical node
+ linking commands based upon chapter, section, and
+ subsection organization.
+
+``${RTEMS_ROOT}/doc/user/``
+ This directory contains the source code for the *RTEMS
+ Applications C User’s Guide* which documents the Classic API.
+
+.. COMMENT: COPYRIGHT (c) 1989-2007.
+
+.. COMMENT: On-Line Applications Research Corporation (OAR).
+
+.. COMMENT: All rights reserved.
+
+
+Sample Applications
+###################
+
+Introduction
+============
+
+The RTEMS source distribution includes a set of sample applications
+that are located in the ``${RTEMS_ROOT}/testsuites/samples/``
+directory. These applications are intended to illustrate the
+basic format of RTEMS single and multiple processor
+applications and the use of some features. In addition, these
+relatively simple applications can be used to test locally
+developed board support packages and device drivers as they
+exercise a critical subset of RTEMS functionality that is often
+broken in new BSPs.
+
+Some of the following sample applications will be covered in
+more detail in subsequent sections:
+
+*Hello World*
+ The RTEMS Hello World test is provided in
+ the subdirectory ``${RTEMS_ROOT}/testsuites/samples/hello/``.
+ This test is helpful when testing new RTEMS development environment.
+
+*Clock Tick*
+ The ``${RTEMS_ROOT}/testsuites/samples/ticker/``
+ subdirectory provides a test for verification of clock chip
+ device drivers of BSPs.
+
+*Base Single Processor*
+ A simple single processor test similar to those in the
+ single processor test suite is provided in ``${RTEMS_ROOT}/testsuites/samples/base_sp/``.
+
+*Base Multiple Processor*
+ A simple two node multiprocessor test capable of testing an newly
+ developed MPCI layer is provided in ``${RTEMS_ROOT}/testsuites/samples/base_mp/``.
+
+*Capture*
+ The RTEMS Capture test is provided in
+ the subdirectory ``${RTEMS_ROOT}/testsuites/samples/capture/``.
+ This is an interactive test which demonstrates the capabilities
+ of the RTEMS Capture Engine. It includes a few test threads
+ which generate interesting execution patterns. Look at the
+ file ``${RTEMS_ROOT}/testsuites/samples/capture/capture.scn``
+ for a sample session.
+
+*Constructor/Destructor C++ Test*
+ The ``${RTEMS_ROOT}/testsuites/samples/cdtest/``
+ subdirectory provides a simple C++ application using
+ constructors and destructors. It is only built when
+ C++ is enabled and its primary purpose is to demonstrate
+ that global constructors and destructors work. Since this
+ requires that the linker script for your BSP be correct, this is
+ an important test.
+
+*File IO*
+ The RTEMS File IO test is provided in
+ the subdirectory ``${RTEMS_ROOT}/testsuites/samples/fileio/``.
+ This is an interactive test which allows the user to interact with
+ an ATA/IDE device. It will read the partition table and allow the
+ user to dynamically mount one of the FAT32 partitions it finds.
+ Commands are also provided to write and read files on the disk.
+
+*IO Stream*
+ The RTEMS IO Stream test is provided in
+ the subdirectory ``${RTEMS_ROOT}/testsuites/samples/iostream/``.
+ This test is a simple C++ application which demonstrates that
+ C++ iostreams are functional. This requires that the RTEMS C++
+ run-time support is functioning properly. This test is only
+ build when C++ is enabled.
+
+*Network Loopback Test*
+ The ``${RTEMS_ROOT}/testsuites/samples/loopback/``
+ directory contains a sample test that demonstrates the use of
+ sockets and the loopback network device. It does not require
+ the presence of network hardware in order to run.
+ It is only built if RTEMS was configured with networking enabled.
+
+*Minimum Size Test*
+ The directory``${RTEMS_ROOT}/testsuites/samples/minimum/``
+ contains a simple RTEMS program that results in a non-functional
+ executable. It is intended to show the size of a minimum footprint
+ application based upon the current RTEMS configuration.
+
+*Nanoseconds*
+ The RTEMS Nanoseconds test is provided in
+ the subdirectory ``${RTEMS_ROOT}/testsuites/samples/nsecs/``.
+ This test demonstrates that the BSP has support for nanosecond
+ timestamp granularity. It prints the time of day and uptime multiple
+ times as quickly as possible. It should be possible from the output
+ to determine if your BSP has nanosecond accurate clock support
+ and it is functional.
+
+*Paranoia Floating Point Test*
+ The directory ``${RTEMS_ROOT}/testsuites/samples/paranoia/``
+ contains the public domain floating point and math library test.
+
+*Point-to-Point Protocol Daemon*
+ The RTEMS Point-to-Point Protocol Daemon test is provided in
+ the subdirectory ``${RTEMS_ROOT}/testsuites/samples/pppd/``.
+ This test primarily serves as the baseline for a user application
+ using the PPP protocol.
+
+*Unlimited Object Allocation*
+ The ``${RTEMS_ROOT}/testsuites/samples/unlimited/``
+ directory contains a sample test that demonstrates the use of the*unlimited* object allocation configuration option to RTEMS.
+
+The sample tests are written using the Classic API so the reader
+should be familiar with the terms used and
+material presented in the *RTEMS Applications Users Guide*.
+
+Hello World
+===========
+
+This sample application is in the following directory:
+.. code:: c
+
+ ${RTEMS_ROOT}/testsuites/samples/hello/
+
+It provides a rudimentary test of the BSP start up
+code and the console output routine. The C version of this
+sample application uses the printf function from the RTEMS
+Standard C Library to output messages. The Ada version of this
+sample uses the TEXT_IO package to output the hello messages.
+The following messages are printed:
+.. code:: c
+
+ *** HELLO WORLD TEST \***
+ Hello World
+ \*** END OF HELLO WORLD TEST \***
+
+These messages are printed from the application’s
+single initialization task. If the above messages are not
+printed correctly, then either the BSP start up code or the
+console output routine is not operating properly.
+
+Clock Tick
+==========
+
+This sample application is in the following directory:
+.. code:: c
+
+ ${RTEMS_ROOT}/testsuites/samples/ticker/
+
+This application is designed as a simple test of the
+clock tick device driver. In addition, this application also
+tests the printf function from the RTEMS Standard C Library by
+using it to output the following messages:
+.. code:: c
+
+ *** CLOCK TICK TEST \***
+ TA1 - tm_get - 09:00:00 12/31/1988
+ TA2 - tm_get - 09:00:00 12/31/1988
+ TA3 - tm_get - 09:00:00 12/31/1988
+ TA1 - tm_get - 09:00:05 12/31/1988
+ TA1 - tm_get - 09:00:10 12/31/1988
+ TA2 - tm_get - 09:00:10 12/31/1988
+ TA1 - tm_get - 09:00:15 12/31/1988
+ TA3 - tm_get - 09:00:15 12/31/1988
+ TA1 - tm_get - 09:00:20 12/31/1988
+ TA2 - tm_get - 09:00:20 12/31/1988
+ TA1 - tm_get - 09:00:25 12/31/1988
+ TA1 - tm_get - 09:00:30 12/31/1988
+ TA2 - tm_get - 09:00:30 12/31/1988
+ TA3 - tm_get - 09:00:30 12/31/1988
+ \*** END OF CLOCK TICK TEST \***
+
+The clock tick sample application utilizes a single
+initialization task and three copies of the single application
+task. The initialization task prints the test herald, sets the
+time and date, and creates and starts the three application
+tasks before deleting itself. The three application tasks
+generate the rest of the output. Every five seconds, one or
+more of the tasks will print the current time obtained via the
+tm_get directive. The first task, TA1, executes every five
+seconds, the second task, TA2, every ten seconds, and the third
+task, TA3, every fifteen seconds. If the time printed does not
+match the above output, then the clock device driver is not
+operating properly.
+
+Base Single Processor Application
+=================================
+
+This sample application is in the following directory:
+.. code:: c
+
+ ${RTEMS_ROOT}/testsuites/samples/base_sp/
+
+It provides a framework from which a single processor
+RTEMS application can be developed. The use of the task argument
+is illustrated. This sample application uses the printf
+function from the RTEMS Standard C Library or TEXT_IO functions
+when using the Ada version to output the following messages:
+.. code:: c
+
+ *** SAMPLE SINGLE PROCESSOR APPLICATION \***
+ Creating and starting an application task
+ Application task was invoked with argument (0) and has id of 0x10002
+ \*** END OF SAMPLE SINGLE PROCESSOR APPLICATION \***
+
+The first two messages are printed from the
+application’s single initialization task. The final messages
+are printed from the single application task.
+
+Base Multiple Processor Application
+===================================
+
+This sample application is in the following directory:
+.. code:: c
+
+ ${RTEMS_ROOT}/testsuites/samples/base_mp/
+
+It provides a framework from which a multiprocessor
+RTEMS application can be developed. This directory has a
+subdirectory for each node in the multiprocessor system. The
+task argument is used to distinguish the node on which the
+application task is executed. The first node will print the
+following messages:
+.. code:: c
+
+ *** SAMPLE MULTIPROCESSOR APPLICATION \***
+ Creating and starting an application task
+ This task was invoked with the node argument (1)
+ This task has the id of 0x10002
+ \*** END OF SAMPLE MULTIPROCESSOR APPLICATION \***
+
+The second node will print the following messages:
+.. code:: c
+
+ *** SAMPLE MULTIPROCESSOR APPLICATION \***
+ Creating and starting an application task
+ This task was invoked with the node argument (2)
+ This task has the id of 0x20002
+ \*** END OF SAMPLE MULTIPROCESSOR APPLICATION \***
+
+The herald is printed from the application’s single
+initialization task on each node. The final messages are
+printed from the single application task on each node.
+
+In this sample application, all source code is shared
+between the nodes except for the node dependent configuration
+files. These files contains the definition of the node number
+used in the initialization of the RTEMS Multiprocessor
+Configuration Table. This file is not shared because the node
+number field in the RTEMS Multiprocessor Configuration Table
+must be unique on each node.
+
+Constructor/Destructor C++ Application
+======================================
+
+This sample application is in the following directory:
+.. code:: c
+
+ ${RTEMS_ROOT}/testsuites/samples/cdtest/
+
+This sample application demonstrates that RTEMS is
+compatible with C++ applications. It uses constructors,
+destructor, and I/O stream output in testing these various
+capabilities. The board support package responsible for this
+application must support a C++ environment.
+
+This sample application uses the printf function from
+the RTEMS Standard C Library to output the following messages:
+.. code:: c
+
+ Hey I'M in base class constructor number 1 for 0x400010cc.
+ Hey I'M in base class constructor number 2 for 0x400010d4.
+ Hey I'M in derived class constructor number 3 for 0x400010d4.
+ \*** CONSTRUCTOR/DESTRUCTOR TEST \***
+ Hey I'M in base class constructor number 4 for 0x4009ee08.
+ Hey I'M in base class constructor number 5 for 0x4009ee10.
+ Hey I'M in base class constructor number 6 for 0x4009ee18.
+ Hey I'M in base class constructor number 7 for 0x4009ee20.
+ Hey I'M in derived class constructor number 8 for 0x4009ee20.
+ Testing a C++ I/O stream
+ Hey I'M in derived class constructor number 8 for 0x4009ee20.
+ Derived class - Instantiation order 8
+ Hey I'M in base class constructor number 7 for 0x4009ee20.
+ Instantiation order 8
+ Hey I'M in base class constructor number 6 for 0x4009ee18.
+ Instantiation order 6
+ Hey I'M in base class constructor number 5 for 0x4009ee10.
+ Instantiation order 5
+ Hey I'M in base class constructor number 4 for 0x4009ee08.
+ Instantiation order 5
+ \*** END OF CONSTRUCTOR/DESTRUCTOR TEST \***
+ Hey I'M in base class constructor number 3 for 0x400010d4.
+ Hey I'M in base class constructor number 2 for 0x400010d4.
+ Hey I'M in base class constructor number 1 for 0x400010cc.
+
+Minimum Size Test
+=================
+
+This sample application is in the following directory:
+.. code:: c
+
+ ${RTEMS_ROOT}/testsuites/samples/minimum/
+
+This sample application is designed to produce the
+minimum code space required for any RTEMS application
+based upon the current RTEMS configuration and
+BSP. In many situations, the bulk of this executable
+consists of hardware and RTEMS initialization, basic
+infrastructure such as malloc(), and RTEMS and
+hardware shutdown support.
+
+Nanosecond Granularity Application
+==================================
+
+This sample application is in the following directory:
+.. code:: c
+
+ ${RTEMS_ROOT}/testsuites/samples/nsecs/
+
+This sample application exercises the Clock Driver
+for this BSP and demonstrates its ability to generate
+accurate timestamps. This application does this by
+exercising the time subsystem in three ways:
+
+- Obtain Time of Day Twice Back to Back
+
+- Obtain System Up Time Twice Back to Back
+
+- Use System Up Time to Measure Loops
+
+The following is an example of what the output of this
+test may appear like:
+.. code:: c
+
+ *** NANOSECOND CLOCK TEST \***
+ 10 iterations of getting TOD
+ Start: Sat Mar 24 11:15:00 2007:540000
+ Stop : Sat Mar 24 11:15:00 2007:549000 --> 0:9000
+ Start: Sat Mar 24 11:15:00 2007:3974000
+ Stop : Sat Mar 24 11:15:00 2007:3983000 --> 0:9000
+ Start: Sat Mar 24 11:15:00 2007:7510000
+ Stop : Sat Mar 24 11:15:00 2007:7519000 --> 0:9000
+ Start: Sat Mar 24 11:15:00 2007:11054000
+ Stop : Sat Mar 24 11:15:00 2007:11063000 --> 0:9000
+ Start: Sat Mar 24 11:15:00 2007:14638000
+ Stop : Sat Mar 24 11:15:00 2007:14647000 --> 0:9000
+ Start: Sat Mar 24 11:15:00 2007:18301000
+ Stop : Sat Mar 24 11:15:00 2007:18310000 --> 0:9000
+ Start: Sat Mar 24 11:15:00 2007:21901000
+ Stop : Sat Mar 24 11:15:00 2007:21910000 --> 0:9000
+ Start: Sat Mar 24 11:15:00 2007:25526000
+ Stop : Sat Mar 24 11:15:00 2007:25535000 --> 0:9000
+ Start: Sat Mar 24 11:15:00 2007:29196000
+ Stop : Sat Mar 24 11:15:00 2007:29206000 --> 0:10000
+ Start: Sat Mar 24 11:15:00 2007:32826000
+ Stop : Sat Mar 24 11:15:00 2007:32835000 --> 0:9000
+ 10 iterations of getting Uptime
+ 0:38977000 0:38986000 --> 0:9000
+ 0:40324000 0:40332000 --> 0:8000
+ 0:41636000 0:41645000 --> 0:9000
+ 0:42949000 0:42958000 --> 0:9000
+ 0:44295000 0:44304000 --> 0:9000
+ 0:45608000 0:45617000 --> 0:9000
+ 0:46921000 0:46930000 --> 0:9000
+ 0:48282000 0:48291000 --> 0:9000
+ 0:49595000 0:49603000 --> 0:8000
+ 0:50908000 0:50917000 --> 0:9000
+ 10 iterations of getting Uptime with different loop values
+ loop of 10000 0:119488000 0:119704000 --> 0:216000
+ loop of 20000 0:124028000 0:124463000 --> 0:435000
+ loop of 30000 0:128567000 0:129220000 --> 0:653000
+ loop of 40000 0:133097000 0:133964000 --> 0:867000
+ loop of 50000 0:137643000 0:138728000 --> 0:1085000
+ loop of 60000 0:142265000 0:143572000 --> 0:1307000
+ loop of 70000 0:146894000 0:148416000 --> 0:1522000
+ loop of 80000 0:151519000 0:153260000 --> 0:1741000
+ loop of 90000 0:156145000 0:158099000 --> 0:1954000
+ loop of 100000 0:160770000 0:162942000 --> 0:2172000
+ \*** END OF NANOSECOND CLOCK TEST \***
+
+Paranoia Floating Point Application
+===================================
+
+This sample application is in the following directory:
+.. code:: c
+
+ ${RTEMS_ROOT}/testsuites/samples/paranoia/
+
+This sample application uses a public domain floating
+point and math library test to verify these capabilities of the
+RTEMS executive. Deviations between actual and expected results
+are reported to the screen. This is a very extensive test which
+tests all mathematical and number conversion functions.
+Paranoia is also very large and requires a long period of time
+to run. Problems which commonly prevent this test from
+executing to completion include stack overflow and FPU exception
+handlers not installed.
+
+Network Loopback Test
+=====================
+
+This sample application is in the following directory:
+.. code:: c
+
+ ${RTEMS_ROOT}/testsuites/samples/loopback/
+
+This sample application uses the network loopback device to
+demonstrate the use of the RTEMS TCP/IP stack. This sample
+test illustrates the basic configuration and initialization
+of the TCP/IP stack as well as simple socket usage.
+
+.. COMMENT: COPYRIGHT (c) 1989-2007.
+
+.. COMMENT: On-Line Applications Research Corporation (OAR).
+
+.. COMMENT: All rights reserved.
+
+RTEMS Specific Utilities
+########################
+
+This section describes the additional commands
+available within the *RTEMS Development Environment*. Although
+some of these commands are of general use, most are included to
+provide some capability necessary to perform a required function
+in the development of the RTEMS executive, one of its support
+components, or an RTEMS based application.
+
+Some of the commands are implemented as C programs.
+However, most commands are implemented as Bourne shell scripts.
+Even if the current user has selected a different shell, the
+scripts will automatically invoke the Bourne shell during their
+execution lifetime.
+
+The commands are presented in UNIX manual page style
+for compatibility and convenience. A standard set of paragraph
+headers were used for all of the command descriptions. If a
+section contained no data, the paragraph header was omitted to
+conserve space. Each of the permissible paragraph headers and
+their contents are described below:
+
+``SYNOPSIS``
+ describes the command syntax
+
+``DESCRIPTION``
+ a full description of the command
+
+``OPTIONS``
+ describes each of the permissible options for the command
+
+``NOTES``
+ lists any special noteworthy comments about the command
+
+``ENVIRONMENT``
+ describes all environment variables utilized by the command
+
+``EXAMPLES``
+ illustrates the use of the command with specific examples
+
+``FILES``
+ provides a list of major files that the command references
+
+``SEE ALSO``
+ lists any relevant commands which can be consulted
+
+Most environment variables referenced by the commands
+are defined for the RTEMS Development Environment during the
+login procedure. During login, the user selects a default RTEMS
+environment through the use of the Modules package. This tool
+effectively sets the environment variables to provide a
+consistent development environment for a specific user.
+Additional environment variables within the RTEMS environment
+were set by the system administrator during installation. When
+specifying paths, a command description makes use of these
+environment variables.
+
+When referencing other commands in the SEE ALSO
+paragraph, the following notation is used: command(code).
+Where command is the name of a related command, and code is a
+section number. Valid section numbers are as follows:
+
+``1``
+ Section 1 of the standard UNIX documentation
+
+``1G``
+ Section 1 of the GNU documentation
+
+``1R``
+ a manual page from this document, the RTEMS Development Environment Guide
+
+For example, ls(1) means see the standard ls command
+in section 1 of the UNIX documentation. gcc020(1G) means see
+the description of gcc020 in section 1 of the GNU documentation.
+
+.. COMMENT: packhex
+
+packhex - Compress Hexadecimal File
+===================================
+
+**SYNOPSIS**
+
+.. code:: c
+
+ packhex <source >destination
+
+**DESCRIPTION**
+
+packhex accepts Intel Hexadecimal or Motorola Srecord
+on its standard input and attempts to pack as many contiguous
+bytes as possible into a single hexadecimal record. Many
+programs output hexadecimal records which are less than 80 bytes
+long (for human viewing). The overhead required by each
+unnecessary record is significant and packhex can often reduce
+the size of the download image by 20%. packhex attempts to
+output records which are as long as the hexadecimal format
+allows.
+
+**OPTIONS**
+
+This command has no options.
+
+**EXAMPLES**
+
+Assume the current directory contains the Motorola
+Srecord file download.sr. Then executing the command:
+.. code:: c
+
+ packhex <download.sr >packed.sr
+
+will generate the file packed.sr which is usually
+smaller than download.sr.
+
+**CREDITS**
+
+The source for packhex first appeared in the May 1993
+issue of Embedded Systems magazine. The code was downloaded
+from their BBS. Unfortunately, the author’s name was not
+provided in the listing.
+
+.. COMMENT: unhex
+
+unhex - Convert Hexadecimal File into Binary Equivalent
+=======================================================
+
+**SYNOPSIS**
+
+.. code:: c
+
+ unhex \[-valF] \[-o file] \[file \[file ...] ]
+
+**DESCRIPTION**
+
+unhex accepts Intel Hexadecimal, Motorola Srecord, or
+TI ’B’ records and converts them to their binary equivalent.
+The output may sent to standout or may be placed in a specified
+file with the -o option. The designated output file may not be
+an input file. Multiple input files may be specified with their
+outputs logically concatenated into the output file.
+
+**OPTIONS**
+
+This command has the following options:
+
+``v``
+ Verbose
+
+``a base``
+ First byte of output corresponds with base
+ address
+
+``l``
+ Linear Output
+
+``o file``
+ Output File
+
+``F k_bits``
+ Fill holes in input with 0xFFs up to k_bits * 1024 bits
+
+**EXAMPLES**
+
+The following command will create a binary equivalent
+file for the two Motorola S record files in the specified output
+file binary.bin:
+.. code:: c
+
+ unhex -o binary.bin downloadA.sr downloadB.sr
+
+Command and Variable Index
+##########################
+
+There are currently no Command and Variable Index entries.
+
+.. COMMENT: @printindex fn
+
+Concept Index
+#############
+
+There are currently no Concept Index entries.
+
+.. COMMENT: @printindex cp