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authorChris Johns <chrisj@rtems.org>2016-01-24 21:37:53 +1100
committerAmar Takhar <verm@darkbeer.org>2016-05-02 20:51:25 -0400
commitb8d3f6b3b7fd03102f8a06aaaec330a0293c95d2 (patch)
treea22972185fb78174ef4df3e530a79a9d41384669 /c_user/overview.rst
parentGenerate a fatal error on a Sphinx beta version that cannot be parsed. (diff)
downloadrtems-docs-b8d3f6b3b7fd03102f8a06aaaec330a0293c95d2.tar.bz2
C user guide clean up. Up to timer manager.
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@@ -1,13 +1,16 @@
+.. COMMENT: COPYRIGHT (c) 1988-2008.
+.. COMMENT: On-Line Applications Research Corporation (OAR).
+.. COMMENT: All rights reserved.
+
Overview
########
Introduction
============
-RTEMS, Real-Time Executive for Multiprocessor Systems, is a
-real-time executive (kernel) which provides a high performance
-environment for embedded military applications including the
-following features:
+RTEMS, Real-Time Executive for Multiprocessor Systems, is a real-time executive
+(kernel) which provides a high performance environment for embedded military
+applications including the following features:
- multitasking capabilities
@@ -27,164 +30,153 @@ following features:
- high level of user configurability
-This manual describes the usage of RTEMS for
-applications written in the C programming language. Those
-implementation details that are processor dependent are provided
-in the Applications Supplement documents. A supplement
-document which addresses specific architectural issues that
-affect RTEMS is provided for each processor type that is
-supported.
+This manual describes the usage of RTEMS for applications written in the C
+programming language. Those implementation details that are processor
+dependent are provided in the Applications Supplement documents. A supplement
+document which addresses specific architectural issues that affect RTEMS is
+provided for each processor type that is supported.
Real-time Application Systems
=============================
-Real-time application systems are a special class of
-computer applications. They have a complex set of
-characteristics that distinguish them from other software
-problems. Generally, they must adhere to more rigorous
-requirements. The correctness of the system depends not only on
-the results of computations, but also on the time at which the
-results are produced. The most important and complex
-characteristic of real-time application systems is that they
-must receive and respond to a set of external stimuli within
-rigid and critical time constraints referred to as deadlines.
-Systems can be buried by an avalanche of interdependent,
-asynchronous or cyclical event streams.
-
-Deadlines can be further characterized as either hard
-or soft based upon the value of the results when produced after
-the deadline has passed. A deadline is hard if the results have
-no value or if their use will result in a catastrophic event.
-In contrast, results which are produced after a soft deadline
-may have some value.
-
-Another distinguishing requirement of real-time
-application systems is the ability to coordinate or manage a
-large number of concurrent activities. Since software is a
-synchronous entity, this presents special problems. One
-instruction follows another in a repeating synchronous cycle.
-Even though mechanisms have been developed to allow for the
-processing of external asynchronous events, the software design
-efforts required to process and manage these events and tasks
-are growing more complicated.
-
-The design process is complicated further by
-spreading this activity over a set of processors instead of a
-single processor. The challenges associated with designing and
-building real-time application systems become very complex when
-multiple processors are involved. New requirements such as
-interprocessor communication channels and global resources that
-must be shared between competing processors are introduced. The
-ramifications of multiple processors complicate each and every
-characteristic of a real-time system.
+Real-time application systems are a special class of computer applications.
+They have a complex set of characteristics that distinguish them from other
+software problems. Generally, they must adhere to more rigorous requirements.
+The correctness of the system depends not only on the results of computations,
+but also on the time at which the results are produced. The most important and
+complex characteristic of real-time application systems is that they must
+receive and respond to a set of external stimuli within rigid and critical time
+constraints referred to as deadlines. Systems can be buried by an avalanche of
+interdependent, asynchronous or cyclical event streams.
+
+Deadlines can be further characterized as either hard or soft based upon the
+value of the results when produced after the deadline has passed. A deadline
+is hard if the results have no value or if their use will result in a
+catastrophic event. In contrast, results which are produced after a soft
+deadline may have some value.
+
+Another distinguishing requirement of real-time application systems is the
+ability to coordinate or manage a large number of concurrent activities. Since
+software is a synchronous entity, this presents special problems. One
+instruction follows another in a repeating synchronous cycle. Even though
+mechanisms have been developed to allow for the processing of external
+asynchronous events, the software design efforts required to process and manage
+these events and tasks are growing more complicated.
+
+The design process is complicated further by spreading this activity over a set
+of processors instead of a single processor. The challenges associated with
+designing and building real-time application systems become very complex when
+multiple processors are involved. New requirements such as interprocessor
+communication channels and global resources that must be shared between
+competing processors are introduced. The ramifications of multiple processors
+complicate each and every characteristic of a real-time system.
Real-time Executive
===================
-Fortunately, real-time operating systems or real-time
-executives serve as a cornerstone on which to build the
-application system. A real-time multitasking executive allows
-an application to be cast into a set of logical, autonomous
-processes or tasks which become quite manageable. Each task is
-internally synchronous, but different tasks execute
-independently, resulting in an asynchronous processing stream.
-Tasks can be dynamically paused for many reasons resulting in a
-different task being allowed to execute for a period of time.
-The executive also provides an interface to other system
-components such as interrupt handlers and device drivers.
-System components may request the executive to allocate and
-coordinate resources, and to wait for and trigger synchronizing
-conditions. The executive system calls effectively extend the
-CPU instruction set to support efficient multitasking. By
-causing tasks to travel through well-defined state transitions,
-system calls permit an application to demand-switch between
-tasks in response to real-time events.
-
-By proper grouping of responses to stimuli into
-separate tasks, a system can now asynchronously switch between
-independent streams of execution, directly responding to
-external stimuli as they occur. This allows the system design
-to meet critical performance specifications which are typically
-measured by guaranteed response time and transaction throughput.
-The multiprocessor extensions of RTEMS provide the features
-necessary to manage the extra requirements introduced by a
-system distributed across several processors. It removes the
-physical barriers of processor boundaries from the world of the
-system designer, enabling more critical aspects of the system to
-receive the required attention. Such a system, based on an
-efficient real-time, multiprocessor executive, is a more
-realistic model of the outside world or environment for which it
-is designed. As a result, the system will always be more
-logical, efficient, and reliable.
-
-By using the directives provided by RTEMS, the
-real-time applications developer is freed from the problem of
-controlling and synchronizing multiple tasks and processors. In
-addition, one need not develop, test, debug, and document
-routines to manage memory, pass messages, or provide mutual
-exclusion. The developer is then able to concentrate solely on
-the application. By using standard software components, the
-time and cost required to develop sophisticated real-time
-applications is significantly reduced.
+Fortunately, real-time operating systems or real-time executives serve as a
+cornerstone on which to build the application system. A real-time multitasking
+executive allows an application to be cast into a set of logical, autonomous
+processes or tasks which become quite manageable. Each task is internally
+synchronous, but different tasks execute independently, resulting in an
+asynchronous processing stream. Tasks can be dynamically paused for many
+reasons resulting in a different task being allowed to execute for a period of
+time. The executive also provides an interface to other system components such
+as interrupt handlers and device drivers. System components may request the
+executive to allocate and coordinate resources, and to wait for and trigger
+synchronizing conditions. The executive system calls effectively extend the
+CPU instruction set to support efficient multitasking. By causing tasks to
+travel through well-defined state transitions, system calls permit an
+application to demand-switch between tasks in response to real-time events.
+
+By proper grouping of responses to stimuli into separate tasks, a system can
+now asynchronously switch between independent streams of execution, directly
+responding to external stimuli as they occur. This allows the system design to
+meet critical performance specifications which are typically measured by
+guaranteed response time and transaction throughput. The multiprocessor
+extensions of RTEMS provide the features necessary to manage the extra
+requirements introduced by a system distributed across several processors. It
+removes the physical barriers of processor boundaries from the world of the
+system designer, enabling more critical aspects of the system to receive the
+required attention. Such a system, based on an efficient real-time,
+multiprocessor executive, is a more realistic model of the outside world or
+environment for which it is designed. As a result, the system will always be
+more logical, efficient, and reliable.
+
+By using the directives provided by RTEMS, the real-time applications developer
+is freed from the problem of controlling and synchronizing multiple tasks and
+processors. In addition, one need not develop, test, debug, and document
+routines to manage memory, pass messages, or provide mutual exclusion. The
+developer is then able to concentrate solely on the application. By using
+standard software components, the time and cost required to develop
+sophisticated real-time applications is significantly reduced.
RTEMS Application Architecture
==============================
-One important design goal of RTEMS was to provide a
-bridge between two critical layers of typical real-time systems.
-As shown in the following figure, RTEMS serves as a buffer between the
-project dependent application code and the target hardware.
-Most hardware dependencies for real-time applications can be
+One important design goal of RTEMS was to provide a bridge between two critical
+layers of typical real-time systems. As shown in the following figure, RTEMS
+serves as a buffer between the project dependent application code and the
+target hardware. Most hardware dependencies for real-time applications can be
localized to the low level device drivers.
-.. code:: c
-
- +-----------------------------------------------------------+
- | Application Dependent Software |
- | +----------------------------------------+ |
- | | Standard Application Components | |
- | | +-------------+---+ |
- | +---+-----------+ | | |
- | | Board Support | | RTEMS | |
- | | Package | | | |
- +----+---------------+--------------+-----------------+-----|
- | Target Hardware |
- +-----------------------------------------------------------+
+.. COMMENT: .. code:: c
+.. COMMENT:
+.. COMMENT: +-----------------------------------------------------------+
+.. COMMENT: | Application Dependent Software |
+.. COMMENT: | +----------------------------------------+ |
+.. COMMENT: | | Standard Application Components | |
+.. COMMENT: | | +-------------+---+ |
+.. COMMENT: | +---+-----------+ | | |
+.. COMMENT: | | Board Support | | RTEMS | |
+.. COMMENT: | | Package | | | |
+.. COMMENT: +----+---------------+--------------+-----------------+-----|
+.. COMMENT: | Target Hardware |
+.. COMMENT: +-----------------------------------------------------------+
+
+.. figure:: rtemsarc.png
+ :width: 488
+ :height: 100px
+ :align: center
+ :alt: RTEMS Application Architecture
The RTEMS I/O interface manager provides an efficient tool for incorporating
-these hardware dependencies into the system while simultaneously
-providing a general mechanism to the application code that
-accesses them. A well designed real-time system can benefit
-from this architecture by building a rich library of standard
-application components which can be used repeatedly in other
+these hardware dependencies into the system while simultaneously providing a
+general mechanism to the application code that accesses them. A well designed
+real-time system can benefit from this architecture by building a rich library
+of standard application components which can be used repeatedly in other
real-time projects.
RTEMS Internal Architecture
===========================
-RTEMS can be viewed as a set of layered components that work in
-harmony to provide a set of services to a real-time application
-system. The executive interface presented to the application is
-formed by grouping directives into logical sets called resource managers.
-Functions utilized by multiple managers such as scheduling,
-dispatching, and object management are provided in the executive
-core. The executive core depends on a small set of CPU dependent routines.
-Together these components provide a powerful run time
-environment that promotes the development of efficient real-time
-application systems. The following figure illustrates this organization:
-
-.. code:: c
-
- +-----------------------------------------------+
- | RTEMS Executive Interface |
- +-----------------------------------------------+
- | RTEMS Core |
- +-----------------------------------------------+
- | CPU Dependent Code |
- +-----------------------------------------------+
-
-Subsequent chapters present a detailed description of the capabilities
-provided by each of the following RTEMS managers:
+RTEMS can be viewed as a set of layered components that work in harmony to
+provide a set of services to a real-time application system. The executive
+interface presented to the application is formed by grouping directives into
+logical sets called resource managers. Functions utilized by multiple managers
+such as scheduling, dispatching, and object management are provided in the
+executive core. The executive core depends on a small set of CPU dependent
+routines. Together these components provide a powerful run time environment
+that promotes the development of efficient real-time application systems. The
+following figure illustrates this organization:
+
+.. COMMENT: .. code:: c
+.. COMMENT:
+.. COMMENT: +-----------------------------------------------+
+.. COMMENT: | RTEMS Executive Interface |
+.. COMMENT: +-----------------------------------------------+
+.. COMMENT: | RTEMS Core |
+.. COMMENT: +-----------------------------------------------+
+.. COMMENT: | CPU Dependent Code |
+.. COMMENT: +-----------------------------------------------+
+
+.. figure:: rtemspie.png
+ :width: 70%
+ :align: center
+ :alt: RTEMS Internal Architecture
+
+Subsequent chapters present a detailed description of the capabilities provided
+by each of the following RTEMS managers:
- initialization
@@ -223,112 +215,96 @@ provided by each of the following RTEMS managers:
User Customization and Extensibility
====================================
-As thirty-two bit microprocessors have decreased in
-cost, they have become increasingly common in a variety of
-embedded systems. A wide range of custom and general-purpose
-processor boards are based on various thirty-two bit processors.
-RTEMS was designed to make no assumptions concerning the
-characteristics of individual microprocessor families or of
-specific support hardware. In addition, RTEMS allows the system
-developer a high degree of freedom in customizing and extending
-its features.
-
-RTEMS assumes the existence of a supported
-microprocessor and sufficient memory for both RTEMS and the
-real-time application. Board dependent components such as
-clocks, interrupt controllers, or I/O devices can be easily
-integrated with RTEMS. The customization and extensibility
-features allow RTEMS to efficiently support as many environments
-as possible.
+As thirty-two bit microprocessors have decreased in cost, they have become
+increasingly common in a variety of embedded systems. A wide range of custom
+and general-purpose processor boards are based on various thirty-two bit
+processors. RTEMS was designed to make no assumptions concerning the
+characteristics of individual microprocessor families or of specific support
+hardware. In addition, RTEMS allows the system developer a high degree of
+freedom in customizing and extending its features.
+
+RTEMS assumes the existence of a supported microprocessor and sufficient memory
+for both RTEMS and the real-time application. Board dependent components such
+as clocks, interrupt controllers, or I/O devices can be easily integrated with
+RTEMS. The customization and extensibility features allow RTEMS to efficiently
+support as many environments as possible.
Portability
===========
-The issue of portability was the major factor in the
-creation of RTEMS. Since RTEMS is designed to isolate the
-hardware dependencies in the specific board support packages,
-the real-time application should be easily ported to any other
-processor. The use of RTEMS allows the development of real-time
-applications which can be completely independent of a particular
-microprocessor architecture.
+The issue of portability was the major factor in the creation of RTEMS. Since
+RTEMS is designed to isolate the hardware dependencies in the specific board
+support packages, the real-time application should be easily ported to any
+other processor. The use of RTEMS allows the development of real-time
+applications which can be completely independent of a particular microprocessor
+architecture.
Memory Requirements
===================
-Since memory is a critical resource in many real-time
-embedded systems, RTEMS was specifically designed to automatically
-leave out all services that are not required from the run-time
-environment. Features such as networking, various fileystems,
-and many other features are completely optional. This allows
-the application designer the flexibility to tailor RTEMS to most
-efficiently meet system requirements while still satisfying even
-the most stringent memory constraints. As a result, the size
-of the RTEMS executive is application dependent.
+Since memory is a critical resource in many real-time embedded systems, RTEMS
+was specifically designed to automatically leave out all services that are not
+required from the run-time environment. Features such as networking, various
+fileystems, and many other features are completely optional. This allows the
+application designer the flexibility to tailor RTEMS to most efficiently meet
+system requirements while still satisfying even the most stringent memory
+constraints. As a result, the size of the RTEMS executive is application
+dependent.
-RTEMS requires RAM to manage each instance of an RTEMS object
-that is created. Thus the more RTEMS objects an application
-needs, the more memory that must be reserved. See `Configuring a System`_.
+RTEMS requires RAM to manage each instance of an RTEMS object that is created.
+Thus the more RTEMS objects an application needs, the more memory that must be
+reserved. See Configuring a System_.
-RTEMS utilizes memory for both code and data space.
-Although RTEMS' data space must be in RAM, its code space can be
-located in either ROM or RAM.
+RTEMS utilizes memory for both code and data space. Although RTEMS' data space
+must be in RAM, its code space can be located in either ROM or RAM.
Audience
========
-This manual was written for experienced real-time
-software developers. Although some background is provided, it
-is assumed that the reader is familiar with the concepts of task
-management as well as intertask communication and
-synchronization. Since directives, user related data
-structures, and examples are presented in C, a basic
-understanding of the C programming language
-is required to fully
-understand the material presented. However, because of the
-similarity of the Ada and C RTEMS implementations, users will
-find that the use and behavior of the two implementations is
-very similar. A working knowledge of the target processor is
-helpful in understanding some of RTEMS' features. A thorough
-understanding of the executive cannot be obtained without
-studying the entire manual because many of RTEMS' concepts and
-features are interrelated. Experienced RTEMS users will find
-that the manual organization facilitates its use as a reference
-document.
+This manual was written for experienced real-time software developers.
+Although some background is provided, it is assumed that the reader is familiar
+with the concepts of task management as well as intertask communication and
+synchronization. Since directives, user related data structures, and examples
+are presented in C, a basic understanding of the C programming language is
+required to fully understand the material presented. However, because of the
+similarity of the Ada and C RTEMS implementations, users will find that the use
+and behavior of the two implementations is very similar. A working knowledge
+of the target processor is helpful in understanding some of RTEMS' features. A
+thorough understanding of the executive cannot be obtained without studying the
+entire manual because many of RTEMS' concepts and features are interrelated.
+Experienced RTEMS users will find that the manual organization facilitates its
+use as a reference document.
Conventions
===========
The following conventions are used in this manual:
-- Significant words or phrases as well as all directive
- names are printed in bold type.
+- Significant words or phrases as well as all directive names are printed in
+ bold type.
-- Items in bold capital letters are constants defined by
- RTEMS. Each language interface provided by RTEMS includes a
- file containing the standard set of constants, data types, and
- structure definitions which can be incorporated into the user
- application.
+- Items in bold capital letters are constants defined by RTEMS. Each language
+ interface provided by RTEMS includes a file containing the standard set of
+ constants, data types, and structure definitions which can be incorporated
+ into the user application.
-- A number of type definitions are provided by RTEMS and
- can be found in rtems.h.
+- A number of type definitions are provided by RTEMS and can be found in
+ rtems.h.
-- The characters "0x" preceding a number indicates that
- the number is in hexadecimal format. Any other numbers are
- assumed to be in decimal format.
+- The characters "0x" preceding a number indicates that the number is in
+ hexadecimal format. Any other numbers are assumed to be in decimal format.
Manual Organization
===================
-This first chapter has presented the introductory and
-background material for the RTEMS executive. The remaining
-chapters of this manual present a detailed description of RTEMS
-and the environment, including run time behavior, it creates for
-the user.
+This first chapter has presented the introductory and background material for
+the RTEMS executive. The remaining chapters of this manual present a detailed
+description of RTEMS and the environment, including run time behavior, it
+creates for the user.
-A chapter is dedicated to each manager and provides a
-detailed discussion of each RTEMS manager and the directives
-which it provides. The presentation format for each directive
-includes the following sections:
+A chapter is dedicated to each manager and provides a detailed discussion of
+each RTEMS manager and the directives which it provides. The presentation
+format for each directive includes the following sections:
- Calling sequence
@@ -338,152 +314,136 @@ includes the following sections:
- Notes
-The following provides an overview of the remainder
-of this manual:
+The following provides an overview of the remainder of this manual:
Chapter 2:
- Key Concepts: presents an introduction to the ideas which are common
- across multiple RTEMS managers.
+ Key Concepts: presents an introduction to the ideas which are common across
+ multiple RTEMS managers.
Chapter 3:
- RTEMS Data Types: describes the fundamental data types shared
- by the services in the RTEMS Classic API.
+ RTEMS Data Types: describes the fundamental data types shared by the
+ services in the RTEMS Classic API.
Chapter 4:
- Scheduling Concepts: details the various RTEMS scheduling algorithms
- and task state transitions.
+ Scheduling Concepts: details the various RTEMS scheduling algorithms and
+ task state transitions.
Chapter 5:
- Initialization Manager: describes the functionality and directives
- provided by the Initialization Manager.
+ Initialization Manager: describes the functionality and directives provided
+ by the Initialization Manager.
Chapter 6:
- Task Manager: describes the functionality and directives provided
- by the Task Manager.
+ Task Manager: describes the functionality and directives provided by the
+ Task Manager.
Chapter 7:
- Interrupt Manager: describes the functionality and directives
- provided by the Interrupt Manager.
+ Interrupt Manager: describes the functionality and directives provided by
+ the Interrupt Manager.
Chapter 8:
- Clock Manager: describes the functionality and directives
- provided by the Clock Manager.
+ Clock Manager: describes the functionality and directives provided by the
+ Clock Manager.
Chapter 9:
- Timer Manager: describes the functionality and directives provided
- by the Timer Manager.
+ Timer Manager: describes the functionality and directives provided by the
+ Timer Manager.
Chapter 10:
- Rate Monotonic Manager: describes the functionality and directives
- provided by the Rate Monotonic Manager.
+ Rate Monotonic Manager: describes the functionality and directives provided
+ by the Rate Monotonic Manager.
Chapter 11:
- Semaphore Manager: describes the functionality and directives
- provided by the Semaphore Manager.
+ Semaphore Manager: describes the functionality and directives provided by
+ the Semaphore Manager.
Chapter 12:
- Barrier Manager: describes the functionality and directives
- provided by the Barrier Manager.
+ Barrier Manager: describes the functionality and directives provided by the
+ Barrier Manager.
Chapter 13:
- Message Manager: describes the functionality and directives
- provided by the Message Manager.
+ Message Manager: describes the functionality and directives provided by the
+ Message Manager.
Chapter 14:
- Event Manager: describes the
- functionality and directives provided by the Event Manager.
+ Event Manager: describes the functionality and directives provided by the
+ Event Manager.
Chapter 15:
- Signal Manager: describes the
- functionality and directives provided by the Signal Manager.
+ Signal Manager: describes the functionality and directives provided by the
+ Signal Manager.
Chapter 16:
- Partition Manager: describes the
- functionality and directives provided by the Partition Manager.
+ Partition Manager: describes the functionality and directives provided by
+ the Partition Manager.
Chapter 17:
- Region Manager: describes the
- functionality and directives provided by the Region Manager.
+ Region Manager: describes the functionality and directives provided by the
+ Region Manager.
Chapter 18:
- Dual-Ported Memory Manager: describes
- the functionality and directives provided by the Dual-Ported
- Memory Manager.
+ Dual-Ported Memory Manager: describes the functionality and directives
+ provided by the Dual-Ported Memory Manager.
Chapter 19:
- I/O Manager: describes the
- functionality and directives provided by the I/O Manager.
+ I/O Manager: describes the functionality and directives provided by the I/O
+ Manager.
Chapter 20:
- Fatal Error Manager: describes the functionality and directives
- provided by the Fatal Error Manager.
+ Fatal Error Manager: describes the functionality and directives provided by
+ the Fatal Error Manager.
Chapter 21:
- Board Support Packages: defines the
- functionality required of user-supplied board support packages.
+ Board Support Packages: defines the functionality required of user-supplied
+ board support packages.
Chapter 22:
- User Extensions: shows the user how to
- extend RTEMS to incorporate custom features.
+ User Extensions: shows the user how to extend RTEMS to incorporate custom
+ features.
Chapter 23:
- Configuring a System: details the process by which one tailors RTEMS
- for a particular single-processor or multiprocessor application.
+ Configuring a System: details the process by which one tailors RTEMS for a
+ particular single-processor or multiprocessor application.
Chapter 24:
- Multiprocessing Manager: presents a
- conceptual overview of the multiprocessing capabilities provided
- by RTEMS as well as describing the Multiprocessing
- Communications Interface Layer and Multiprocessing Manager
+ Multiprocessing Manager: presents a conceptual overview of the
+ multiprocessing capabilities provided by RTEMS as well as describing the
+ Multiprocessing Communications Interface Layer and Multiprocessing Manager
directives.
Chapter 25:
- Stack Bounds Checker: presents the capabilities of the RTEMS
- task stack checker which can report stack usage as well as detect
- bounds violations.
+ Stack Bounds Checker: presents the capabilities of the RTEMS task stack
+ checker which can report stack usage as well as detect bounds violations.
Chapter 26:
- CPU Usage Statistics: presents the capabilities of the CPU Usage
- statistics gathered on a per task basis along with the mechanisms
- for reporting and resetting the statistics.
+ CPU Usage Statistics: presents the capabilities of the CPU Usage statistics
+ gathered on a per task basis along with the mechanisms for reporting and
+ resetting the statistics.
Chapter 27:
- Object Services: presents a collection of helper services useful
- when manipulating RTEMS objects. These include methods to assist
- in obtaining an object's name in printable form. Additional services
- are provided to decompose an object Id and determine which API
- and object class it belongs to.
+ Object Services: presents a collection of helper services useful when
+ manipulating RTEMS objects. These include methods to assist in obtaining an
+ object's name in printable form. Additional services are provided to
+ decompose an object Id and determine which API and object class it belongs
+ to.
Chapter 28:
- Chains: presents the methods provided to build, iterate and
- manipulate doubly-linked chains. This manager makes the
- chain implementation used internally by RTEMS to user space
- applications.
+ Chains: presents the methods provided to build, iterate and manipulate
+ doubly-linked chains. This manager makes the chain implementation used
+ internally by RTEMS to user space applications.
Chapter 29:
- Timespec Helpers: presents a set of helper services useful
- when manipulating POSIX ``struct timespec`` instances.
+ Timespec Helpers: presents a set of helper services useful when
+ manipulating POSIX ``struct timespec`` instances.
Chapter 30:
Constant Bandwidth Server Scheduler API.
Chapter 31:
- Directive Status Codes: provides a definition of each of the
- directive status codes referenced in this manual.
+ Directive Status Codes: provides a definition of each of the directive
+ status codes referenced in this manual.
Chapter 32:
Example Application: provides a template for simple RTEMS applications.
Chapter 33:
Glossary: defines terms used throughout this manual.
-
-.. COMMENT: COPYRIGHT (c) 1988-2007.
-
-.. COMMENT: On-Line Applications Research Corporation (OAR).
-
-.. COMMENT: All rights reserved.
-
-.. COMMENT: The following figure was replaced with an ASCII equivalent.
-
-.. COMMENT: Figure 2-1 Object ID Composition
-