.. comment SPDX-License-Identifier: CC-BY-SA-4.0
.. COMMENT: COPYRIGHT (c) 1988-2008.
.. COMMENT: On-Line Applications Research Corporation (OAR).
.. COMMENT: All rights reserved.
Region Manager
**************
.. index:: regions
Introduction
============
The region manager provides facilities to dynamically allocate memory in
variable sized units. The directives provided by the region manager are:
- rtems_region_create_ - Create a region
- rtems_region_ident_ - Get ID of a region
- rtems_region_delete_ - Delete a region
- rtems_region_extend_ - Add memory to a region
- rtems_region_get_segment_ - Get segment from a region
- rtems_region_return_segment_ - Return segment to a region
- rtems_region_get_segment_size_ - Obtain size of a segment
- rtems_region_resize_segment_ - Change size of a segment
Background
==========
Region Manager Definitions
--------------------------
.. index:: region, definition
.. index:: segment, definition
A region makes up a physically contiguous memory space with user-defined
boundaries from which variable-sized segments are dynamically allocated and
deallocated. A segment is a variable size section of memory which is allocated
in multiples of a user-defined page size. This page size is required to be a
multiple of four greater than or equal to four. For example, if a request for
a 350-byte segment is made in a region with 256-byte pages, then a 512-byte
segment is allocated.
Regions are organized as doubly linked chains of variable sized memory blocks.
Memory requests are allocated using a first-fit algorithm. If available, the
requester receives the number of bytes requested (rounded up to the next page
size). RTEMS requires some overhead from the region's memory for each segment
that is allocated. Therefore, an application should only modify the memory of
a segment that has been obtained from the region. The application should NOT
modify the memory outside of any obtained segments and within the region's
boundaries while the region is currently active in the system.
Upon return to the region, the free block is coalesced with its neighbors (if
free) on both sides to produce the largest possible unused block.
Building an Attribute Set
-------------------------
.. index:: region attribute set, building
In general, an attribute set is built by a bitwise OR of the desired attribute
components. The set of valid region attributes is provided in the following
table:
.. list-table::
:class: rtems-table
* - ``RTEMS_FIFO``
- tasks wait by FIFO (default)
* - ``RTEMS_PRIORITY``
- tasks wait by priority
Attribute values are specifically designed to be mutually exclusive, therefore
bitwise OR and addition operations are equivalent as long as each attribute
appears exactly once in the component list. An attribute listed as a default
is not required to appear in the attribute list, although it is a good
programming practice to specify default attributes. If all defaults are
desired, the attribute ``RTEMS_DEFAULT_ATTRIBUTES`` should be specified on this
call.
This example demonstrates the attribute_set parameter needed to create a region
with the task priority waiting queue discipline. The attribute_set parameter
to the ``rtems_region_create`` directive should be ``RTEMS_PRIORITY``.
Building an Option Set
----------------------
In general, an option is built by a bitwise OR of the desired option
components. The set of valid options for the ``rtems_region_get_segment``
directive are listed in the following table:
.. list-table::
:class: rtems-table
* - ``RTEMS_WAIT``
- task will wait for segment (default)
* - ``RTEMS_NO_WAIT``
- task should not wait
Option values are specifically designed to be mutually exclusive, therefore
bitwise OR and addition operations are equivalent as long as each option
appears exactly once in the component list. An option listed as a default is
not required to appear in the option list, although it is a good programming
practice to specify default options. If all defaults are desired, the
option ``RTEMS_DEFAULT_OPTIONS`` should be specified on this call.
This example demonstrates the option parameter needed to poll for a segment.
The option parameter passed to the ``rtems_region_get_segment`` directive
should be ``RTEMS_NO_WAIT``.
Operations
==========
Creating a Region
-----------------
The ``rtems_region_create`` directive creates a region with the user-defined
name. The user may select FIFO or task priority as the method for placing
waiting tasks in the task wait queue. RTEMS allocates a Region Control Block
(RNCB) from the RNCB free list to maintain the newly created region. RTEMS
also generates a unique region ID which is returned to the calling task.
It is not possible to calculate the exact number of bytes available to the user
since RTEMS requires overhead for each segment allocated. For example, a
region with one segment that is the size of the entire region has more
available bytes than a region with two segments that collectively are the size
of the entire region. This is because the region with one segment requires
only the overhead for one segment, while the other region requires the overhead
for two segments.
Due to automatic coalescing, the number of segments in the region dynamically
changes. Therefore, the total overhead required by RTEMS dynamically changes.
Obtaining Region IDs
--------------------
When a region is created, RTEMS generates a unique region ID and assigns it to
the created region until it is deleted. The region ID may be obtained by
either of two methods. First, as the result of an invocation of the
``rtems_region_create`` directive, the region ID is stored in a user provided
location. Second, the region ID may be obtained later using the
``rtems_region_ident`` directive. The region ID is used by other region
manager directives to access this region.
Adding Memory to a Region
-------------------------
The ``rtems_region_extend`` directive may be used to add memory to an existing
region. The caller specifies the size in bytes and starting address of the
memory being added.
.. note::
Please see the release notes or RTEMS source code for information regarding
restrictions on the location of the memory being added in relation to memory
already in the region.
Acquiring a Segment
-------------------
The ``rtems_region_get_segment`` directive attempts to acquire a segment from a
specified region. If the region has enough available free memory, then a
segment is returned successfully to the caller. When the segment cannot be
allocated, one of the following situations applies:
- By default, the calling task will wait forever to acquire the segment.
- Specifying the ``RTEMS_NO_WAIT`` option forces an immediate return with an
error status code.
- Specifying a timeout limits the interval the task will wait before returning
with an error status code.
If the task waits for the segment, then it is placed in the region's task wait
queue in either FIFO or task priority order. All tasks waiting on a region are
returned an error when the message queue is deleted.
Releasing a Segment
-------------------
When a segment is returned to a region by the ``rtems_region_return_segment``
directive, it is merged with its unallocated neighbors to form the largest
possible segment. The first task on the wait queue is examined to determine if
its segment request can now be satisfied. If so, it is given a segment and
unblocked. This process is repeated until the first task's segment request
cannot be satisfied.
Obtaining the Size of a Segment
-------------------------------
The ``rtems_region_get_segment_size`` directive returns the size in bytes of
the specified segment. The size returned includes any "extra" memory included
in the segment because of rounding up to a page size boundary.
Changing the Size of a Segment
------------------------------
The ``rtems_region_resize_segment`` directive is used to change the size in
bytes of the specified segment. The size may be increased or decreased. When
increasing the size of a segment, it is possible that the request cannot be
satisfied. This directive provides functionality similar to the ``realloc()``
function in the Standard C Library.
Deleting a Region
-----------------
A region can be removed from the system and returned to RTEMS with the
``rtems_region_delete`` directive. When a region is deleted, its control block
is returned to the RNCB free list. A region with segments still allocated is
not allowed to be deleted. Any task attempting to do so will be returned an
error. As a result of this directive, all tasks blocked waiting to obtain a
segment from the region will be readied and returned a status code which
indicates that the region was deleted.
Directives
==========
This section details the region manager's directives. A subsection is
dedicated to each of this manager's directives and describes the calling
sequence, related constants, usage, and status codes.
.. raw:: latex
\clearpage
.. _rtems_region_create:
REGION_CREATE - Create a region
-------------------------------
.. index:: create a region
CALLING SEQUENCE:
.. code-block:: c
rtems_status_code rtems_region_create(
rtems_name name,
void *starting_address,
intptr_t length,
uint32_t page_size,
rtems_attribute attribute_set,
rtems_id *id
);
DIRECTIVE STATUS CODES:
.. list-table::
:class: rtems-table
* - ``RTEMS_SUCCESSFUL``
- region created successfully
* - ``RTEMS_INVALID_NAME``
- invalid region name
* - ``RTEMS_INVALID_ADDRESS``
- ``id`` is NULL
* - ``RTEMS_INVALID_ADDRESS``
- ``starting_address`` is NULL
* - ``RTEMS_INVALID_ADDRESS``
- address not on four byte boundary
* - ``RTEMS_TOO_MANY``
- too many regions created
* - ``RTEMS_INVALID_SIZE``
- invalid page size
DESCRIPTION:
This directive creates a region from a physically contiguous memory space
which starts at starting_address and is length bytes long. Segments
allocated from the region will be a multiple of page_size bytes in length.
The assigned region id is returned in id. This region id is used as an
argument to other region related directives to access the region.
For control and maintenance of the region, RTEMS allocates and initializes
an RNCB from the RNCB free pool. Thus memory from the region is not used
to store the RNCB. However, some overhead within the region is required by
RTEMS each time a segment is constructed in the region.
Specifying ``RTEMS_PRIORITY`` in attribute_set causes tasks waiting for a
segment to be serviced according to task priority. Specifying
``RTEMS_FIFO`` in attribute_set or selecting ``RTEMS_DEFAULT_ATTRIBUTES``
will cause waiting tasks to be serviced in First In-First Out order.
The ``starting_address`` parameter must be aligned on a four byte boundary.
The ``page_size`` parameter must be a multiple of four greater than or
equal to eight.
NOTES:
This directive will not cause the calling task to be preempted.
The following region attribute constants are defined by RTEMS:
.. list-table::
:class: rtems-table
* - ``RTEMS_FIFO``
- tasks wait by FIFO (default)
* - ``RTEMS_PRIORITY``
- tasks wait by priority
.. raw:: latex
\clearpage
.. _rtems_region_ident:
REGION_IDENT - Get ID of a region
---------------------------------
.. index:: get ID of a region
.. index:: obtain ID of a region
.. index:: rtems_region_ident
CALLING SEQUENCE:
.. code-block:: c
rtems_status_code rtems_region_ident(
rtems_name name,
rtems_id *id
);
DIRECTIVE STATUS CODES:
.. list-table::
:class: rtems-table
* - ``RTEMS_SUCCESSFUL``
- region identified successfully
* - ``RTEMS_INVALID_ADDRESS``
- ``id`` is NULL
* - ``RTEMS_INVALID_NAME``
- region name not found
DESCRIPTION:
This directive obtains the region id associated with the region name to be
acquired. If the region name is not unique, then the region id will match
one of the regions with that name. However, this region id is not
guaranteed to correspond to the desired region. The region id is used to
access this region in other region manager directives.
NOTES:
This directive will not cause the running task to be preempted.
.. raw:: latex
\clearpage
.. _rtems_region_delete:
REGION_DELETE - Delete a region
-------------------------------
.. index:: delete a region
.. index:: rtems_region_delete
CALLING SEQUENCE:
.. code-block:: c
rtems_status_code rtems_region_delete(
rtems_id id
);
DIRECTIVE STATUS CODES:
.. list-table::
:class: rtems-table
* - ``RTEMS_SUCCESSFUL``
- region deleted successfully
* - ``RTEMS_INVALID_ID``
- invalid region id
* - ``RTEMS_RESOURCE_IN_USE``
- segments still in use
DESCRIPTION:
This directive deletes the region specified by id. The region cannot be
deleted if any of its segments are still allocated. The RNCB for the
deleted region is reclaimed by RTEMS.
NOTES:
This directive will not cause the calling task to be preempted.
The calling task does not have to be the task that created the region. Any
local task that knows the region id can delete the region.
.. raw:: latex
\clearpage
.. _rtems_region_extend:
REGION_EXTEND - Add memory to a region
--------------------------------------
.. index:: add memory to a region
.. index:: region, add memory
.. index:: rtems_region_extend
CALLING SEQUENCE:
.. code-block:: c
rtems_status_code rtems_region_extend(
rtems_id id,
void *starting_address,
intptr_t length
);
DIRECTIVE STATUS CODES:
.. list-table::
:class: rtems-table
* - ``RTEMS_SUCCESSFUL``
- region extended successfully
* - ``RTEMS_INVALID_ADDRESS``
- ``starting_address`` is NULL
* - ``RTEMS_INVALID_ID``
- invalid region id
* - ``RTEMS_INVALID_ADDRESS``
- invalid address of area to add
DESCRIPTION:
This directive adds the memory which starts at starting_address for length
bytes to the region specified by id.
NOTES:
This directive will not cause the calling task to be preempted.
The calling task does not have to be the task that created the region. Any
local task that knows the region id can extend the region.
.. raw:: latex
\clearpage
.. _rtems_region_get_segment:
REGION_GET_SEGMENT - Get segment from a region
----------------------------------------------
.. index:: get segment from region
.. index:: rtems_region_get_segment
CALLING SEQUENCE:
.. code-block:: c
rtems_status_code rtems_region_get_segment(
rtems_id id,
intptr_t size,
rtems_option option_set,
rtems_interval timeout,
void **segment
);
DIRECTIVE STATUS CODES:
.. list-table::
:class: rtems-table
* - ``RTEMS_SUCCESSFUL``
- segment obtained successfully
* - ``RTEMS_INVALID_ADDRESS``
- ``segment`` is NULL
* - ``RTEMS_INVALID_ID``
- invalid region id
* - ``RTEMS_INVALID_SIZE``
- request is for zero bytes or exceeds the size of maximum segment which is
possible for this region
* - ``RTEMS_UNSATISFIED``
- segment of requested size not available
* - ``RTEMS_TIMEOUT``
- timed out waiting for segment
* - ``RTEMS_OBJECT_WAS_DELETED``
- region deleted while waiting
DESCRIPTION:
This directive obtains a variable size segment from the region specified by
``id``. The address of the allocated segment is returned in segment. The
``RTEMS_WAIT`` and ``RTEMS_NO_WAIT`` components of the options parameter
are used to specify whether the calling tasks wish to wait for a segment to
become available or return immediately if no segment is available. For
either option, if a sufficiently sized segment is available, then the
segment is successfully acquired by returning immediately with the
``RTEMS_SUCCESSFUL`` status code.
If the calling task chooses to return immediately and a segment large
enough is not available, then an error code indicating this fact is
returned. If the calling task chooses to wait for the segment and a
segment large enough is not available, then the calling task is placed on
the region's segment wait queue and blocked. If the region was created
with the ``RTEMS_PRIORITY`` option, then the calling task is inserted into
the wait queue according to its priority. However, if the region was
created with the ``RTEMS_FIFO`` option, then the calling task is placed at
the rear of the wait queue.
The timeout parameter specifies the maximum interval that a task is willing
to wait to obtain a segment. If timeout is set to ``RTEMS_NO_TIMEOUT``,
then the calling task will wait forever.
NOTES:
The actual length of the allocated segment may be larger than the requested
size because a segment size is always a multiple of the region's page size.
The following segment acquisition option constants are defined by RTEMS:
.. list-table::
:class: rtems-table
* - ``RTEMS_WAIT``
- task will wait for segment (default)
* - ``RTEMS_NO_WAIT``
- task should not wait
A clock tick is required to support the timeout functionality of this
directive.
.. raw:: latex
\clearpage
.. _rtems_region_return_segment:
REGION_RETURN_SEGMENT - Return segment to a region
--------------------------------------------------
.. index:: return segment to region
.. index:: rtems_region_return_segment
CALLING SEQUENCE:
.. code-block:: c
rtems_status_code rtems_region_return_segment(
rtems_id id,
void *segment
);
DIRECTIVE STATUS CODES:
.. list-table::
:class: rtems-table
* - ``RTEMS_SUCCESSFUL``
- segment returned successfully
* - ``RTEMS_INVALID_ADDRESS``
- ``segment`` is NULL
* - ``RTEMS_INVALID_ID``
- invalid region id
* - ``RTEMS_INVALID_ADDRESS``
- segment address not in region
DESCRIPTION:
This directive returns the segment specified by segment to the region
specified by id. The returned segment is merged with its neighbors to form
the largest possible segment. The first task on the wait queue is examined
to determine if its segment request can now be satisfied. If so, it is
given a segment and unblocked. This process is repeated until the first
task's segment request cannot be satisfied.
NOTES:
This directive will cause the calling task to be preempted if one or more
local tasks are waiting for a segment and the following conditions exist:
- a waiting task has a higher priority than the calling task
- the size of the segment required by the waiting task is less than or
equal to the size of the segment returned.
.. raw:: latex
\clearpage
.. _rtems_region_get_segment_size:
REGION_GET_SEGMENT_SIZE - Obtain size of a segment
--------------------------------------------------
.. index:: get size of segment
.. index:: rtems_region_get_segment_size
CALLING SEQUENCE:
.. code-block:: c
rtems_status_code rtems_region_get_segment_size(
rtems_id id,
void *segment,
ssize_t *size
);
DIRECTIVE STATUS CODES:
.. list-table::
:class: rtems-table
* - ``RTEMS_SUCCESSFUL``
- segment obtained successfully
* - ``RTEMS_INVALID_ADDRESS``
- ``segment`` is NULL
* - ``RTEMS_INVALID_ADDRESS``
- ``size`` is NULL
* - ``RTEMS_INVALID_ID``
- invalid region id
* - ``RTEMS_INVALID_ADDRESS``
- segment address not in region
DESCRIPTION:
This directive obtains the size in bytes of the specified segment.
NOTES:
The actual length of the allocated segment may be larger than the requested
size because a segment size is always a multiple of the region's page size.
.. raw:: latex
\clearpage
.. _rtems_region_resize_segment:
REGION_RESIZE_SEGMENT - Change size of a segment
------------------------------------------------
.. index:: resize segment
.. index:: rtems_region_resize_segment
CALLING SEQUENCE:
.. code-block:: c
rtems_status_code rtems_region_resize_segment(
rtems_id id,
void *segment,
ssize_t size,
ssize_t *old_size
);
DIRECTIVE STATUS CODES:
.. list-table::
:class: rtems-table
* - ``RTEMS_SUCCESSFUL``
- segment obtained successfully
* - ``RTEMS_INVALID_ADDRESS``
- ``segment`` is NULL
* - ``RTEMS_INVALID_ADDRESS``
- ``old_size`` is NULL
* - ``RTEMS_INVALID_ID``
- invalid region id
* - ``RTEMS_INVALID_ADDRESS``
- segment address not in region
* - ``RTEMS_UNSATISFIED``
- unable to make segment larger
DESCRIPTION:
This directive is used to increase or decrease the size of a segment. When
increasing the size of a segment, it is possible that there is not memory
available contiguous to the segment. In this case, the request is
unsatisfied.
NOTES:
If an attempt to increase the size of a segment fails, then the application
may want to allocate a new segment of the desired size, copy the contents
of the original segment to the new, larger segment and then return the
original segment.
